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U-World > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common location of nasal polyps

A

Middle meatus

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2
Q

Renal Papillary necrosis is seen in what 4 disorders (gross hematuria, acute flank pain, tissue fragments in urine)

A

Sickle cell (and trait), DM, pyelonephritis, Analgesics

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3
Q

Carotid sinus baroreceptors: Located on ICA just above common bifuraction
Afferent: ?
Efferent: ?
Too sensitive (hypersensitivity) = syncope

A

Afferent: Glossopharyngeal (hering nerve) to medulla centers and vagal nucleus
Efferent: parasympathetics via vagus to induce vasodilation (decreased BP) and decreased CO, HR and SV

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4
Q

Acidosis, polyuria, hypophosphatemia

A

Fanconi Syndrome
Fanconi-like syndrome = lead nephropathy, Wilson disease, / expired tetracyclines, etc)
sooo many look it up

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5
Q

Beta-thal mutations impair what…

A

Initiation of translation via KOZAK sequence mutation (gcc) gccRccAUGG (R= adenine or Guanine)

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6
Q

Translocation requires

A

GTP and EF2

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7
Q

A–>T causing glutamate to valine @ position 6

A

sickle cell

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8
Q

Penicillin MOA

A

Inhibit transpeptidase thus cross-linking of D-ala D-ala (final step in peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis)

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9
Q

MOA of Vanc

A

Acts early than penicillin by directly binding D-ala-D-ala

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10
Q

Kussmal sign and pulsus paradoxus

A

pericardial firbrosis (impaired ventricular dilation and diastolic filling)

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11
Q

Increased monoclonal T-cells–>TGF-B–>increased production of ECM proteins and collagen by fibroblasts

A

CREST syndrome

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12
Q

Upper anal canal (above pectinate line) =

lower=

A 
upper= from hindgut
lower= invagination of surface ectoderm
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13
Q

Imperforate anus associations (cant pass meconium or pass through urethra if fistula present)

A 
GU malfromations (MC): renal agenesis, hypospadias, epispadias, and bladder extrophy
Others: VACTERL 
Vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac abnormalities, TE fistulas, renal and limb anomalies
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14
Q

Binasal hemianopsia (pressure on the lateral areas of optic chiasm): name a cause…

A

calcified carotid arteria

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15
Q

Villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and intraepithelial lymphocytic infiltration in duodenum and proximal illeum

A 
Celiac disease (short stature, delayed puberty, anemia in adults)
History of travel: think infection/ tropical sprue
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16
Q

Hormone sensitive lipase (found in adipose) takes stored TG–>FFA and glycerol (carbon source for gluconeogenesis)–>FFA oxidized by liver into acetyl-coA–> ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate)

A

Inhibited by: insulin

Stimulated by stress hormones: catacholamines, glucagon, ACTH

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17
Q

Treatment for portal HTN

A

TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) btw portal vein and hepatic vein percutaneously

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18
Q

Caput medusa

A

paraumbilical veins (portal) and superficial and inferior epigastric veins

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19
Q

Macrocyclic antibiotic related to macrolides that inhibits the sigma unit of RNA polymerase (bactericidal). USED for C.Diff because less effect on normal colonic flora

A

Fidaxomicin

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20
Q

Direct transfer of plasmids from one bacterium to another through a sex pilus. Ex: how E.coli acquire their ability to form pili

A

Conjugation

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21
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria aquire ability to produce capsules via…

A

Transformation

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22
Q

Methimazole inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by supressing iodination and coupling of tyrosine. ADRS?

A

edema, rash, agranulocytosis

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23
Q

Increased expression of PDGF (gingival hyperplasia), Ataxia/ nystagmus, Megaloblastic anemia, inducer of P-450, fetal hydantoin syndrome

A

Phenytoin ADRs

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24
Q

Functional Hypothalmic Amenorrhea due to loss of pulsatile GnRH from hypothalamus (decreasing LH and FSH–>low circulating estrogen)…caused by:

A

weight loss, strenuous exercise, systemic illness, or abnormal eating habits

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25
Q

Dec. production of Neuropeptide Y (normally makes you hungry) in the arcuate nucleus. Stimulates POMC–>cleavage–>alpha-MSH = inhibits food intake (increased satiety)

A

Leptin

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26
Q

LPS generates an immune response from:

A

TNF-alpha and IL-1

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27
Q

Leukotrienes role in asthma= produce bronchial constriction and mucosal edema/hypersecretion. Name the two leukotriene D4 receptor ANTAGONISTS

A

Montelukast and Zafirlukast

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28
Q

Li-Fraumeni syndrome: Breast cancer, sarcomas, brain tumors, leukemia, and adrenocortical tumors at young age

A

p53 on chromosome 17

29
Q

Elevated zinc-protoporphyrin levels and ALA levels

A

Lead posioning

30
Q

Porphobilinogen deaminase

A

AIP (acute intermittent porphyria)

  • Ab pain (acute)
  • Neuropsych issues
  • Red-brown urine
31
Q

Pyruvate kinase deficiency inheritance?

A

AR
Leads to hemolytic anemia
Pallor, scleral icterus, splenomegaly

32
Q

Factors that promote sickling

A

low oxygen, increased acidity, or low blood volume (dehydration), high levels of 2,3-BPG

33
Q

Decreased linear growth, high serum GH and low circulating IGF-1 due to GH receptor defect

A

Laron dwarfisim

34
Q

Narcolepsy with cataplexy is caused by lack of what 2 neuropeptides and where are they produced? Will be undetectable in CSF due to deficiency.

A

hypocretin-1* (orexin-A) and hypocretin-2 (orexin-B) produced in the lateral hypothalamus. They function to promote wakefulness and inhibit REM.

35
Q

Elevated 14-3-3 in CSF

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

36
Q

Decreased homovanillic acid in CSF

A

parkinsons

37
Q

Block oxidative deamination of 5-HT, NE, and Dopa. USED in atypical subtype of major depression and treatment-resistant depression.

A

MAOIs= phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline

38
Q

Mood reactivity, leaden paralysis (heavy arms and legs) and rejection sensitivity (sensitive), increased sleep and appetite

A

Atypical depression

39
Q

Antidepressants with no sexual side effects

A

Bupropion and mirtazapine

40
Q

Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of harmful substances

A

Smooth ER

41
Q

What two vitamins are not present in adequate amounts (if at all) in breast milk

A

Vitamins D and K
K= given IM at delivery to prevent hemorrhagic disease in the newborn
D= Supplementation to prevent RICKETS (not needed if formula fed)

42
Q

Iron supplementation recommendations for infants

A

> 4 months until solid food intake provides adequate amount. (breast milk gucci until 4 months)

43
Q

Amyloid-beta plaque is an abnormal fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APP) which is normally involved in ….

A

synaptic formation and repair

44
Q

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy or family amyloid cardiomyopathy results in a misfolding and extracellular deposition of transthyretin protein (prealbumin) located on…

A

TTR gene

45
Q

Apolipoprotein E mutations result in impaired synthesis and impaired clearance of amyloid-beta from brain…associated with an increased risk of…

A

Late-onset alzheimer disease

46
Q

Suspensory ligament of the ovary (infundibulopelvic ligament) is a fold of peritoneum that attaches the ovary to the pelvic sidewall and contains:

A

Ovarian artery, vein, lymphatics and nerves
(must be ligated during oophorectomy)
*Ureter runs underneath (DO NOT CUT)
Water under the bridge

47
Q

Transverse cervical ligament (cardinal ligament) contains the _________ artery in its superior portion

A

Uterine

48
Q

Promimal _______ nerve lesions may result in sensory loss over the first 3 digits and impairment of the thumb flexion/opposition, flexion of second/third digits and wrist flexion and abduction

A

Median

49
Q

Umbilical hernia, protruding tongue, large anterior fontanelle, and nonpitting edema (puffy face)

A

Congenital Hypothyroidism

50
Q

Galactosemia (jaundice, vomiting, hepatomegaly, and lethargy and CATARACTS after ingesting breast milk or formula in the first few days of life) is caused by deficiency in what?

A

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

51
Q

Musty body odor, development delay, light pigmentation

A

PKU (most commonly caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency)

52
Q

Triptans are used as abortive therapy for migraines but should be avoided in patients with

A

Cardiac or cerebral disease

53
Q

Foscarnet (pyrophosphate analog) used for ganciclovir-resistant CMV. Forscarnet can chelate calcium (hypocalcemia) and other ADRs include

A

Hypomagnesemia (renal wasting) and reduction in PTH release (hypocalcemia) –> seizures

54
Q

Acyclovir toxicities

A

Crystal nephropathy and neurtoxicity (tremor or delirium)

55
Q

NRTI Lamivudine (unusual ADR for class)

A

peripheral nephropathy and lactic acidosis

56
Q

Sofosbuvir inhibits nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase needed for Hep. C replication: ADRs =

A

fatigue and nausea

57
Q

Ganciclovir (or prodrug Valganciclovir) side effects

A

Neutropenia which can be exacerbated by other bone marrow suppressing agents (zidovudine, TMX, etc.)

58
Q

Diethylcaramazine is indicated for Tx of…

A

Loa Loa (loiasis) and Wuchereria bancrofti (lymphatic filariasis)

59
Q

Ivermectin treats…

A

Strongyloidiasis and Ochocerciasis

60
Q

Testicular germ cell tumors or gestational trophoblastic disease may develop high serum hCG leading to

A 
paraneoplastic hyperthyroidism (identical alpha unit and very similar beta)
Also FSH and LH share alpha unit
61
Q

What drains the right lymphatic duct?

A 
brachiocephalic vein (innominate)
*unilateral SVC syndrome
62
Q

What does the external jugular vein drain?

A

Scalp and portion of the lateral face

63
Q

What does the internal jugular vein drain?

A

Brain and superficial face and neck

64
Q

Bile acid-bind resins + statin =

A

MAJOR LDL decrease/ synergism

65
Q

Amphotericin B side effects

A
  • RENAL TOXICITY (renal vasoconstriction, decrease GFR, ATN, RTA)–> HYPOKALEMIA and HYPOMAGNESEMIA
  • Anemia (via decreased EPO)
66
Q

Mucormycosis patient originally responds to AMP-B can be switched to posaconazole but now you must do what because on an AZOLE

A

Monitor LIVER function tests

67
Q

Daptomycin ADR

A

rhabdomyolysis–> CCK elevated

68
Q

Dermatitis herpetiformis: Bilateral and symmetrical on extensor surfaces (elbows, knees) and upper back and buttocks. Histo shows:

A

Microabseccess containing fibrin and neutrophils at dermal papillae tips. Overlying basal cells vacuolated.

69
Q

Increased intraepithelial lymphocytes, a variable loss of villus height, crypt HYPERPLASIA, and steatorrhea

A

Celiac disease

U-World (16 decks)

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