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U-World > 5 > Flashcards

5 Flashcards

1
Q

Improved survival (decompensated systolic heart failure)

A

ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone) and Beta blockers (carvedilol, metoprolol)

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2
Q

Beta blockade in decompensated HF helps by:

Note used in stable HF

A

1) decreasing afterload (decreases circulating levels of vasoactive hormones (NE, renin, endothelin).
2) slow ventricular rate (decrease cardiac work)

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3
Q

Mayer-Rokintansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome (aka Mullerian aplasia or vaginal agenesis)

A

Variable uterine development and no upper vagina (short vagina)

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4
Q

Short vagina, normal ovaries secreting estrogen–>regular secondary sexual characteristics, hypoplastic or absent uterus = primary amenorrhea (can’t menstruate)

A

Mullerian aplasia

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5
Q

All females with Mullerian defects should undergo what?

A 
Renal ultrasound (50% will have coexisting urologic anomaly)
Ex: unilateral renal agenesis
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6
Q

Kallman syndrome occurs due to?

A

decreased synthesis of GnRH in the hypothalamus (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)

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7
Q

47 XXX

A
  • Tall
  • Decreased IQ (minor)
  • Physically normal including sex development
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8
Q

Huntingtons Disease

A

loss of neurons in the caudate and putamen

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9
Q

Damage to the nucleus ambiguous of the medulla

A

produces myoclonus

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10
Q

Lesions of subthalamic nucleus or lacunar infarcts in that area lead to

A

hemiballism (flinging movements of contralateral extremities)

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11
Q

FGF gene (apical ectodermal ridge)

A

lengthen limbs

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12
Q

sonic hedgehog

A

holoprosencephaly

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13
Q

Encode DNA-binding transcription factors that play an important role in the segmental organization of the embryo along the cranio-caudal axis

A

Homeobox- HOX genes

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14
Q

Homebox-Hox gene disruptions

A

skeletal abnormalities and improper positioned limbs and appendages

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15
Q

Colchicine decreases NEUTROPHIL migration and phagocytosis by interfering with ______

A

microtubule formation.

Colchicine also decreases tyrosine phosphorylation–> decreased neutrophil activation

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16
Q

Irreversible gynecomastia and testicular atrophy due to increased __________ levels due to anabolic steroid abuse

A

androstenedione

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17
Q

Testicular germ cells tumors (firm rapidly growing testicular mass) can cause ________ do to excessive B-hCG

A

gynecomastia

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18
Q

Uremia and High creatine in Chronic renal insufficiency. High uremia is toxic to

A

your balls

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19
Q

Haloperidol induced gynecomastia =

A

increased prolactin

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20
Q

Alcoholic liver cirrhosis gynecomastia=

A

Impaired hepatic degradation of estrogen and ethanols direct inhibition of testosterone production

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21
Q

Originates on the anterior aspect of the sacrum and occupies most of the space in the greater sciatic foramen. Inserts on greater trochanter of the femur

A

Piriformis (sciatic nerve runs below)

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22
Q

Piriformis action

A
  • Externally rotate the thigh when extended

- abduct the thigh when flexed

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23
Q

Piriformis syndrome

A

Pain tingling and numbness in the buttocks and along the nerve distribution due to hypertrophy or muscle injury compressing the sciatic nerve in the foramen

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24
Q

Smallest of 3 gluteal muscles; works with gluteus medius to stabalize the hip and abduct the thigh when the limb is extended

A

gluteus minimus

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25
Q

Passes through the greater sciatic foramen and is involved in external hip rotation

A

piriformis muscle

26
Q

Patient with FH of sudden death, recurrent syncope, and ion channel defect

A

congenital long QT

27
Q

LQT 1 and LQT 2 are due to

A

mutations in K+ channel that contribute to the outward-rectifying potassium current

28
Q

Recurrent palpitations, syncope, seizures, or sudden cardiac death

A

Torsades de pointes

29
Q

Two most common mutations in in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AD)

A

1) myosin-binding protein C gene

2) cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain gene

30
Q

Secondary Infection with a different viral serotype can cause a more sever illness, possibly due to antibody-dependent enhancement of the infection, enhanced immune complex formation, and/or accelerated T-lymphocyte response

A

DHF (Dengue hemorrhagic fever)

-increased capillary permeability

31
Q

Lesion on lateral foot

A

LAD in both popliteal and inguinal

32
Q

Lesion on medial foot

A

LAD in inguinal

33
Q

Receive lymph drainage from:

  • Lower extremity
  • scrotum (not testes)
  • perineum
  • Anterior ab wall (inferior to umbilicus)
  • butt
  • skin of penis (except glans)
A

superficial inguinal lymph node

34
Q

Non-motile, unencapsulated, gram-positive rods. Found in clumps (chinese characters) or joined in V or Y shape chains.
Cytoplasm contains metachromic granules that stain with aniline dyes (meth blue)

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (classic 2-subunit AB exotoxin)

35
Q

Most common cause of calcium kidney stones

A

Idiopathic hypercalciuria

36
Q

Toxin used in torticollus and cosmetic hoes

A

Clostridium botulinum toxin B (inhibits presynaptic release of Ach)

37
Q

Selective vasodilators used to cause coronary steal in people too fat to exercise stress test

A

Adenosine and dipyridamole

38
Q

coincides with atrial contraction and is produced by the resultant onrush of blood striking a stiff left ventricle

A

S4 (low frequency)

39
Q

S4 is associated with

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy

40
Q

Serotonin receptor blockade

A

appetite stimulation and weight gain

41
Q

surface marker for monocyte-macrophage cell linage

A

CD 14

42
Q

Multi-chain complex T-cell marker

A

CD 7

43
Q

How does NaHCO3 (sodium bicarb) reverse TCA overdose

A

1) increase serum pH–> favors neutral form of drug–> cant bind Na channels
2) Also increases extracellular sodium to help overcome competitive rapid (fast) sodium channel blockade induced by TCAs

44
Q

Neurophysin II point mutation –> abnormal folding at ER and removal from ER along with bound vasopressin=

A

Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Hypothalmic diabetes insipidus

45
Q

Hamartomatous polyps (disorganized mucosal glands, smooth muscle, connective tissue)

A

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome or juvenile polyposis

bleeding and intussusception

46
Q

Hyperplastic (well differentiated mucosal cells that form glands and crypts)

A

NOT DYSPLASTIC and usually asymptomatic

47
Q

Villous adenomas

A

can secrete large quantities watery mucus leading to secretory diarrhea, hypovolemia, and electrolyte abnormalities

48
Q

Stimulation of detrusor muscle contraction and internal urethral spincter relaxation

A

Parasympathetic (S2-S4)

49
Q

MS urge incontinence due to loss of CNS inhibition of detrusor contraction.

A

as disease progresses bladder can become atonic leading to overflow incontinence

50
Q

The presence of colloid containing microfollicles suggest a benign

A

follicular adenoma

51
Q

What does the hindgut give rise to?

A

Distal third of transverse colon, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, and upper part of anal canal

52
Q

Cyclosporine extensively metabolized by liver and GI tract

A

CYP3A isoenzymes

53
Q

Furocoumarins (inhibit CYP)

A

found in grapefruit juice

54
Q

Collections of SQUAMOUS CELL debris that form a round pearly mass behind the tympanic membrane in the middle ear

A

Cholesteatomas (can be congenital or may occur as an acquired primary lesion or following infection, trauma, or surgery of the middle ear)

55
Q

Cholesteatomas can cause _______ via production of lytic enzymes that often erode through the auditory ossicles

A

Conductive hearing loss

56
Q

Envelope glycoprotein sequences also contain a hypervariable region prone to frequent genetic mutation

A

HEP C virus

57
Q

Does the QRS complex duration increase or decrease during exercise?

A

decrease slightly (do to faster cardiac conduction via increased HR)

58
Q

Use-dependence: sodium blocking effects intensify as heart rate increases due to less time between action potentials for medication to dissociate from the receptor

A

Class 1C (slowest class 1 agents to dissociate from sodium channel)

59
Q

Weird use of tamoxifen (selective estrogen receptor modulator)

A

prevent gynecomastia

60
Q

Increased estrogen to androgen ratio increase risk for gynecomastia. Histo?

A

Ductal epithelial hyperplasia surrounded by dense stromal fibrosis

61
Q

Crohns

A

Th1 (IL-2, INF-Y, TNF)

U-World (16 decks)

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