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U-World > 14 > Flashcards

14 Flashcards

1
Q

Located in terminal bronchioles
Secret secretory protein that protects against inflammation and oxidative stress
Secrete surfactant component to prevent airway collapse

A

Club (Clara) cells

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2
Q

Shortened chromosome 22 and elongation of chromosome 9 on karyotype.

A

Even tho new fusion protein (BCR-ABL) is on 22…this is what karyotype of CML shows

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3
Q

host cell is coinfected with 2 viral strains and progeny virions contain unchanged parental genome from on strain and nucleocapsid (or envelope) proteins form the other. However because there is no change in underlying viral genomes (no genetic exchange), subsequent progeny revert back.

A

Phenotypic mixing

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4
Q

Thick capsule is seen as a clear zone on gram strain and also causes characteristic mucoid growth in culture. Usually upper lobes. Thick mucoid, blood-tinged sputum and lung tissue necrosis with early abscess formation

A

Klebsiella (gram-negative lactose-fermenting bacillus)

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5
Q

Patients with noncoronary atherosclerotic disease, DM, or CKD are at same risk of cardiovascular evens (MI or stroke) as

A

people with known coronary disease

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6
Q

Hyperosmolar coma- very high blood sugar without ketoacidosis

A

DM2

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7
Q

Causes of ________.

  • Corn diets in developing countries due to (bound/unsoluble form)
  • Carcinoid syndrome, prolonged INH therapy, Hartnup disease.
A

Pellagra (Niacin deficiency)

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8
Q

Precursor for NO, urea, ornithine and agmatine and is also necessary for formation of creatine

A

Arginine

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9
Q

precursor of pyrimidine

A

orotic acid

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10
Q

Carotene is a precursor for what?

A

Vitamin A

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11
Q

Formed through bile acid conjugation with amino acids glycine and taurine

A

Bile salts (increased solubility)

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12
Q

Enteropeptidase deficiency impairs both protein and fat absorption–> diarrhea, failure to thrive and hypoproteinemia (edema)

A

Trypsin involved in both protein and lipid digestion. Can’t be activated from trypsinogen–>trypsin.

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13
Q

Contaminated water (cruise ships, spas, hospitals, air-conditioned hotels)
High fever, cough, confusion, diarrhea
Facultatively Intracellular (shitty gram stain)
May see elevated transaminases too

A 
Legionnaires' disease
Risks
-elderly
-smokers
-Immunocompromised
-COPD
-alcoholics
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14
Q

Selective media BCYE (buffered charcoal yeast extract)

A

Legionella

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15
Q

Precipitating factors for G6PD deficiency anemia

A

1) infections
2) Drugs- Dapsone, anti-malarials, sulfonamides
3) DKA
4) Favism (fava beans)

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16
Q

Diseases with red blood cell cytoskeleton abnormalities

A

Hereditary Spherocytosis, Heriditary elliptocytosis, hereditary Stomatocytosis

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17
Q

B12 neuro symptoms are due to?

A

abnormal myelin synthesis

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18
Q

Ascending dorsal columns and descending corticospinal tracts both fucked

A

Subacute COMBINED (ascending and descending) Degeneration

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19
Q

Anterior horn (flaccid paralysis, atrophy, fasciculation) and LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL (spasticity and hyperreflexia)

A

ALS

zinc-SOD mutation

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20
Q

Compression due to bone fragmentations or disc herniation. Complete loss of strength below level of injury with loss of pain and temp. but preserved vibratory senses

A

Anterior spinal artery syndrome

compression

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21
Q

Characterized by opening of L-type dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca++ channels and the closure of some K+

A

Phase 2: Plateau phase

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22
Q

Celiac trunk emerges from the aorta at what level?

A

T12/L1

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23
Q

C3-C5 nerve roots. Motor to diaphragm and carries pain fibers from the diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura

A

Phrenic (pain worse with inspiration and referred to base of neck and over the shoulder)

Parietal pleura sensory by intercostal nerves and felt closer to source of pain

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24
Q

Tumor cells express neuroendocrine markers and contain neurosecretory granules in cytoplasm. Name some of the neuroendocrine markers for SCLC (most aggressive)

A 
NCAM/CD56
Neuron specific enolase
Chromogranin
Synapophysin
Some...neurofilaments
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25
Q

Non-small cell carcinoma markers

A

KRAS and EGFR

Expression of mucin

26
Q

Vimentin

A

mesenchymal orgin–> sarcomas

27
Q

Lithium-induced diabetes insipidus

A

antagonizing effect on the action of ADH on PRINCIPAL cells within the collecting duct

28
Q

Fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaque contains?

A

Subendothelial collagen and glycosaminoglycans

29
Q

Gomori Trichome stain

A

mitochondrial myopathies

30
Q

Red ragged fibers

A

abnormal mitochondria accumulate under the sarcolemma of muscle fibers (irregular shape and size/enlarged)

31
Q

Scant inflammatory cells and interstitial fibrosis

A

Chronic rejection (months to years)

32
Q

Chronic rejection is a process mediated by what?

A

Host T lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes as well as antibodies

33
Q

Perivascular infiltrate with abundant eosinophils in the setting of a new drug therapy is a hisopathologic presentation of

A

Hypersensitivity myocarditis

34
Q

In rare cases, cardiac rejection is due to anti-donor host Abs and cases of humoral rejection, diagnosed with

A

direct immunofluorescense

35
Q

Dense infiltrate of mononuclear cells usually composed primary of T-lymphocytes.

A

Acute rejection cellular rejection mediated by host T-lymphocytes sensitization against graft (foreign MHC)

36
Q

Indicator of the severity of mitral stenosis?

A

The S2 opening snap interval = diastolic time interval btw the closure of the aortic valve (A2) and the abrupt halting of leaflet motion during opening of a stenotic mitral valve (opening snap)

37
Q

Fomepizol

A

inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase

38
Q

_______ is an antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

A

Fomepizol

39
Q

A microtuble associated, ATP-powered motor protein that facilitates the anterograde transport of neurotransmitter-containing secretory vesicle down axons to synaptic terminals

A

Kinesin

40
Q

Diplopia and dysphagia= nicotinic blockade
Muscarinic Blockade= dry mouth
Diplopia, dysphagia, dysphonia= 3 Ds
Normal conduction velocity but decreased CMAP (compound muscle action potential)…Repetitive nerve stimulation leaves to facilitation of CMAP

A

BOTULISM

lol OMG

Descending paralysis starting from cranial nerves

41
Q

Absent reflexes and progressive symmetric weakness (typically starting in lower extremities)

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

42
Q
  • muscle weakness, fasciculations, paralysis via depolarizing blockade
  • CNS = lethargy and seizures
  • Muscarinic overstimulation (miosis, bradycardia, increased lacrimation and salivation
A

Poisoning due organophosphates (AChEsterase inhibitors) used in insecticides.

43
Q

Inhibition of sodium influx into nerve ending
Symptoms: weakness, paresthesias (face, extremities), loss of reflexes and sometimes severe hypotension. Conscious although paralyzed.

A

Tetrodotoxin poisoning

44
Q

baseline erythrocyte transketolase activity is low but increases after addition of thiamine pyrophosphate

A

Diagnosis of thiamine (B1) deficiency

45
Q

Cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase and transketolase

A

Thiamine (B1)

46
Q

Used in case-control studies in order to control confounding.

A

Matching (age, race, etc)

47
Q

MOE (malignant otitis externa) serious infection of ear seen in elderly diabetic patients)
Exquisite ear pain and drainage, granulation tissue is often seen within the ear canal

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

48
Q

Inhaled allergens (animal dander) should be avoided in

A

asthma patients

49
Q

First sign of uncal (transtentorial herniation) is a fixed and dilated pupil on the side of the lesion

A

due to occulomotor nerve compression

50
Q

Isolated right-sided varicoceles

A

IVC occlusion by a malignant tumor or thrombus

51
Q

Maltese cross appearance under polarized light (free fat and oval fat bodies)

A

Lipiduria (increased lipoprotein synthesis)

52
Q

Tesamorelin

A

GHRH analog

Used to treat HIV- associated lipodystrophy

53
Q

Hypothyroid—>hyperprolactinemia

A

Due to increased TRH which increases prolactin release

54
Q

how does octreotide cause secondary HYPOthyroidism

A

Inhibits TSH release (somatostatin/GHIH analog)

55
Q

Prolactin is structurally homologous to

A

GH and human placental lactogen

56
Q

Chest wall injury can actually cause

A

hyperprolactinemia (inhibition of DOPA via ANS)

Renal failure can increase it too via decreased excretion

57
Q

Breast suckling inhibits dopa release leading to

A

increased prolactin

58
Q

starvation and sleep deprivation effect on leptin

A

decreases it

59
Q

sleep deprivation and prader willi effect on ghrelin (makes you hungry)

A

increases it (acts on LATERAL hypothalmus) makes you grow laterally

60
Q

Anastrozole and exemestane

A

aromatase inhibitors
Androstenedione–> estrone
Testosterone–> Estradiol

61
Q

Glycyrrhetic acid

A

inhibits cortisol—>cortisone

62
Q

Decrease in CORTISOL does what to ACTH

A

increases it due to lack of negative feedback

U-World (16 decks)

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