14 Flashcards
Located in terminal bronchioles
Secret secretory protein that protects against inflammation and oxidative stress
Secrete surfactant component to prevent airway collapse
Club (Clara) cells
Shortened chromosome 22 and elongation of chromosome 9 on karyotype.
Even tho new fusion protein (BCR-ABL) is on 22…this is what karyotype of CML shows
host cell is coinfected with 2 viral strains and progeny virions contain unchanged parental genome from on strain and nucleocapsid (or envelope) proteins form the other. However because there is no change in underlying viral genomes (no genetic exchange), subsequent progeny revert back.
Phenotypic mixing
Thick capsule is seen as a clear zone on gram strain and also causes characteristic mucoid growth in culture. Usually upper lobes. Thick mucoid, blood-tinged sputum and lung tissue necrosis with early abscess formation
Klebsiella (gram-negative lactose-fermenting bacillus)
Patients with noncoronary atherosclerotic disease, DM, or CKD are at same risk of cardiovascular evens (MI or stroke) as
people with known coronary disease
Hyperosmolar coma- very high blood sugar without ketoacidosis
DM2
Causes of ________.
- Corn diets in developing countries due to (bound/unsoluble form)
- Carcinoid syndrome, prolonged INH therapy, Hartnup disease.
Pellagra (Niacin deficiency)
Precursor for NO, urea, ornithine and agmatine and is also necessary for formation of creatine
Arginine
precursor of pyrimidine
orotic acid
Carotene is a precursor for what?
Vitamin A
Formed through bile acid conjugation with amino acids glycine and taurine
Bile salts (increased solubility)
Enteropeptidase deficiency impairs both protein and fat absorption–> diarrhea, failure to thrive and hypoproteinemia (edema)
Trypsin involved in both protein and lipid digestion. Can’t be activated from trypsinogen–>trypsin.
Contaminated water (cruise ships, spas, hospitals, air-conditioned hotels)
High fever, cough, confusion, diarrhea
Facultatively Intracellular (shitty gram stain)
May see elevated transaminases too
Legionnaires' disease Risks -elderly -smokers -Immunocompromised -COPD -alcoholics
Selective media BCYE (buffered charcoal yeast extract)
Legionella
Precipitating factors for G6PD deficiency anemia
1) infections
2) Drugs- Dapsone, anti-malarials, sulfonamides
3) DKA
4) Favism (fava beans)
Diseases with red blood cell cytoskeleton abnormalities
Hereditary Spherocytosis, Heriditary elliptocytosis, hereditary Stomatocytosis
B12 neuro symptoms are due to?
abnormal myelin synthesis
Ascending dorsal columns and descending corticospinal tracts both fucked
Subacute COMBINED (ascending and descending) Degeneration
Anterior horn (flaccid paralysis, atrophy, fasciculation) and LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL (spasticity and hyperreflexia)
ALS
zinc-SOD mutation
Compression due to bone fragmentations or disc herniation. Complete loss of strength below level of injury with loss of pain and temp. but preserved vibratory senses
Anterior spinal artery syndrome
compression
Characterized by opening of L-type dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca++ channels and the closure of some K+
Phase 2: Plateau phase
Celiac trunk emerges from the aorta at what level?
T12/L1
C3-C5 nerve roots. Motor to diaphragm and carries pain fibers from the diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura
Phrenic (pain worse with inspiration and referred to base of neck and over the shoulder)
Parietal pleura sensory by intercostal nerves and felt closer to source of pain
Tumor cells express neuroendocrine markers and contain neurosecretory granules in cytoplasm. Name some of the neuroendocrine markers for SCLC (most aggressive)
NCAM/CD56 Neuron specific enolase Chromogranin Synapophysin Some...neurofilaments
