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U-World > 6 > Flashcards

6 Flashcards

1
Q

Carpal spasm

A

Trousseau sign (hypocalcemia)

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2
Q

Twitching of the nose and lips

A

Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)

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3
Q

Cotruncal abnormalities (interrupted aortic arch, truncus arteriosus)

A

DGS

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4
Q

Other DGS if first and second pouches involved

A

hypertelorism, short palpebral fissures, micrognathia, bifid uvula, cleft palate

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5
Q

Familial Hyopcalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) inheritance

A

AD

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6
Q

FHH defect

A

CaSR hyposensitivity in parathyroid gland and kidneys. Higher levels of calcium are needed to suppress PTH

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7
Q

Mild asymptomatic hypercalcemia, reduced urinary excretion of calcium and high normal or mildly elevated PTH

A

Familial Hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (AD)

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8
Q

GH, prolactin and EPO

A

Transmembrane receptor activation of Janus kinase-STAT pathway

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9
Q

Ach (nicotinic), serotonin, NMDA, GABA

A

transmembrane ligand gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors)

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10
Q

Insulin and insulin-like GF

A

Transmembrane receptors with tyrosine kinase activity

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11
Q

Vitamin D

A

Intracellular receptor (like steroid hormones)

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12
Q

Without ApoE3 and E4

A

liver cannot remove chylomicrons and VLDLs leading to increased cholesterol and TGs

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13
Q

ApoC2

A

Activates lipoprotein lipase on chylomicrons and VLDL

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14
Q

ApoA1

A

required for esterfication of free cholesterol in HDL particles by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

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15
Q

LCAT or Apo1 deficiencies

A

low HDL and increased circulating free cholesterol levels

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16
Q

Inositol monophosphate inhibition is hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms by which ______ exerts its antidepressant and antimanic effects

A

lithium

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17
Q

FMR1 loss of function mutation

A

Fragile X

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18
Q

Neurophsychiatric issues, development delay, hyperlaxity of joints in hand, large testes, prominent forehead and chin, long and narrow face

A

Fragile X

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19
Q

1) Fibromyalgia cause

2) proven pain reduction method that improves function

A

1) Abnormal central processing of pain

2) Gradual incremental aerobic exercise

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20
Q

Bilateral muscle weakness and associated skin (malar rash, violaceous eruptions on the eyelids, knuckles and elevated Creatine kinase

A

Dermatomysitis

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21
Q

Inflammatory disorder that affects patients >50 and causes subacute pain and stiffness in the shoulders, hips, weight loss, fever and malaise

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica

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22
Q

Really bad in morning and gets better during the day

A

RA

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23
Q

Federal socialized medical insurance program: Covers 65 and older who have worked and paid taxes. Covers younger individuals with disabilities, ESRD, ALS

A

Medicare

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24
Q

Covering inpatient hospital visits

A

Medicare Part A

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25
Q

Covering a select number of outpatient services and medical devices

A

Medicare Part B

26
Q

An optional capitated plan with additional benefits (vision, dental)

A

Medicare Part C

27
Q

Optional prescription drug plan

A

Medicare Part D

28
Q

State-run medical insurance program: covers homeless, undocumented immigrants, prego women, and low-income familes

A

Medicaid

29
Q

Fever, pruritic skin rash, and arthralgias that begin 7-14 days after exposure to an antigen

A

Serum sickness (Type III) w/ fibrinoid necrosis and intense neutrophil infiltration (labs will show neutropenia, low C3 and C4)

30
Q

TNF-alpha inhibitors ADR

A

neutropenia

31
Q

Prevention of atelectasis

A

Breathing exercises

32
Q

Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy

A

Adequate hydration

33
Q

physical exam reveals pulsatile mass with a thrill on palpation. Auscultation reveals a constant bruit over the site.

A

AV fistula

34
Q

Increase preload (End diastolic volume) and decrease after-load

A

AV shunts

35
Q

Gingivostomatitis (see multinucleated giant cells) = HSV. What is the reason for hospitalization ?

A

Pain often results in dehydration (this is the reason for hospitalization)

36
Q

Surgical landmark during appendicitis

A

teniae coli (similar function to outer layer of muscularis externa in GI)

37
Q

Injury to the base of the pons

A

contralateral weakness and ataxia (corticospinal and corticobulbar) and pontocerebellar fibers

38
Q

Frontal cortex lesions

A

social disinhibition and deficits in attention and executive functions (planning, organizing, decision making)

39
Q

Anterior 2/3 of the posterior limb of the internal capsule=

A

mainly motor fibers (corticospinal tract)

40
Q

Posterior 1/3 of posterior limb of internal capsule=

A

sensory (thalamocortical)

41
Q

occurs secondary to leakage of plasma proteins through damaged vascular wall and is characterized by collagenous sclerosis, and accumulation of mural foamy marcrophages

A

Lipohyalinosis

42
Q

Microatheromas

A

atherosclerotic accumulation of lipid-laden macs within intimal layer of penetrating artery near its origin off parent vessel

43
Q

Result of small vessel occlusion (due to lipohyalinosis and microatheroma formation) in penetrating vessels supplying the deep brain structures

A

Lacunar infarcts (Uncontrolled HTN and diabetes = risk factors

44
Q

Ateriovenous concentration

A

indirect measurement of the solubility of the anesthetic in the body tissue

45
Q

High AV concentration = ________ time of onset

A

slow b/c more anesthetic is extracted from the blood by the body tissues, increasing the time it takes for the blood to become saturated and slowing the onset of action

46
Q

High blood/gas partition coefficient (solubility of anesthetic in blood)

A

slower onset of action (absorbed to a greater extent by the blood)

47
Q

Steeper arterial tension curve

A

less soluble anesthetic (partial pressure in the blood rises more rapidly with less soluble anesthetics)

48
Q

Lower the MAC

A

the more potent the anesthetic

49
Q

Prolonged untreated sleep apnea increases risk for

A

pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure

50
Q

Small VSD produces what kind of murmur and where?

A

Loud holosystolic best heard over left sternal boarder at 3rd/4th intercostal space

51
Q

Larger (nonrestrictive VSDs) produce what kind of murmur

A

Maybe absent due to decreased resistance across the VSD and lower transseptal pressure grandient

52
Q

Fixed, wide splitting S2

A

ASD

53
Q

________ can be caused by severe hypomagnesemia (double decrease), which can be seen in prolonged diarrhea

A

hypoparathyroidism

Single decrease would increase PTH

54
Q

Aromatase inhibitors that reduce the synthesis of estrogen from androgens, suppressing estrogen levels in post-menopausal women and slowing progression of ER-positive tumors.

A

Anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane

55
Q

Epidermal growth factor receptor 2

A

HER2

56
Q

Inhibits MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, increased degradation of HER2, and facilitates antibody-mediated destruction of tumor cells

A

Trastuzumab

57
Q

Dopamine agonist used in growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumors or prolactinoma

A

Cabergoline

58
Q

Uses of leuprolide?

A

Management of prostate cancer, precocious puberty and endometriosis

59
Q

located near the 3’ end of the mRNA (post-translational modification) = Poly-A-tail. What is its role

A

to protect mRNA from degradation within the cytoplasm after it exits the nucleus

60
Q

Consensus sequence

A

AAUAAA

61
Q

Where should thoracentesis be performed in midclavicular line, midaxillary, posterior scapular?

A

above the 8th
above the 10th
above the 12th

U-World (16 decks)

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