73 - Dysuria, 75 - Haematuria

Question 1

How do cephlasporins work? Eg?

Answer 1

inhibit cell wall synthesis

Ceftriaxone

Question 2

How do macrolides work Eg?

Answer 2

inhibit protein synthesis

erythromycin

Question 3

How does trimethoprim work

Answer 3

inhibits folate synthesis

Question 4

How does nitrofurantoin work?

Answer 4

DNA damage

Question 5

Eg of

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Answer 5

gentamicin

Question 6

How do beta lactams work? Eg?

Answer 6

inhibit cell wall synthesis

carbapenem

Question 7

Sx of UTI

Answer 7

Fever, flank pain if upper. Lower: dysuria, frequency, haematuria, cloudy urine, offensive smell,

Question 8

Usual cause of UTI

Answer 8

E Coli. Staph saprophyticus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Candia,

Question 9

Rfs UTI

Answer 9

age, T2DM, sex, obesity, FHx, anatomical abnormality, catheters

Question 10

Dx UTI

Answer 10

Clinical + dip

culture if unsure

Question 11

2 abx usually used for UTI

Which if preggaz ?

Answer 11

trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin.

nitro - doesnt affect folate

Question 12

Mx chlamydia/ gonn

Answer 12

azithromycin 1g

Question 13

Usual Abx of prostatitis

Answer 13

ciprofloxacin

Question 14

What is hypospadias?

Answer 14

urinary tract opens away from tip of penis.

Question 15

Urine dip 
What do these things indicate? 
Leukocytes? 
nitrites? 
protein?

Answer 15

Leukocytes: WBCs, usually indicate infection.

Nitrites: product of capsular bacteria. Less specific test for infection

Protein: indicate damage to glomerular capsule

Question 16

What is specific gravity of urine

Answer 16

basically just the concentration

Question 17

What can ketones in urine mean?

Answer 17

DKA, DM and hyperemesis gravidarum

Question 18

DDx haematuria? What medications can change colour ?

Answer 18

UTI, renal stones, PKD, BPH, trauma, malignancy, TB, schistosomiasis, sickle cell, glomerulonephritis, marching haematuria, IgA nephropathy, Alports, trauma, prostatitis, PNH,

Beetroots, menses and certain medications such as phenytoin and rifampicin can stain the urine red also.

Question 19

What is rhabdomyolysis? Sx?

Answer 19

Breakdown of skeletal muscle produces tea coloured urine, muscle pain, weakness, nausea, vomiting and confusion.

Question 20

Rhabdomyolysis ->?

Answer 20

arrhythmias and AKI due to electrolyte constituents in blood.

Question 21

Causes of rhabdomyolysis

Answer 21

drugs, heat stroke, toxins, infections, exercise, DIC, compartment syndrome.

Question 22

Mx rhabdo

Answer 22

IV fluids
UandEs
haemofiltration if needed