08 - Lymphadenopathy Flashcards
Differences between innate and adaptive immune system
Innate Response is non-specific Exposure leads to immediate maximal response Cell-mediatedandhumoralcomponents Noimmunological memory
Adaptive Pathogen andantigenspecific response Lag time between exposure and maximal response Cell-mediatedandhumoralcomponents Exposure leads to immunological memory
Egs of innate immune tings?
Skin barriers Inflammation Complement Cellular barriers Natural Killer cells (kill compromised host cells), Mast cells, reticular system Lyzozymes, acid, tears, sweat, cerumen, mucus PAMPS, DAMPS, Toll-like receptors Heparin
Egs of adaptive immune tings?
Lymphocytes (B and T)
Killer T cells – kill cells infected with viruses.
Helper T cells – regulate immune response and recruit the other aspects of the immune system via cytokines
Antibodies
System of immunological memory
What are lympohocytes
Types?
Type of WBC. Recognise non-self antigens.
T cells: cell-mediated immune system.
Mature in thymus.
Different subtypes.
B cells: humoral immune system. Mature in bone marrow.
Secrete antibodies.
Immune memory.
Plasma cell or memory B cell.
Types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils: most abundant phagocyte. Bacteria associated
Eosinophils: IgE, asthma and helminth associated
Basophils: IgE, IgG, complement, heparin and histamine associated. Inflammatory cells.
Mast cells: trigger allergy and anaphylaxis but also pathogen defense and wound healing. Secrete histamine and heparin.
Steps of the immune response
Pathogen enters body
Macrophages ingest the pathogen and present antigen fragments.
T-helpers recognise the antigens. Ms release IL-1, T responds w/ IL-2
IL-2 triggers B and T cells
Infected cells may also present antigens.
T cells destroy infected cells.
B cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodies.
Antibodies mark antigens.
Difference between humoral and cellular response
CD4 helper T cells become
Humoral
Bcell -> plasma
Cellular
Cytotoxic T cells
Aspects of inflammation
Calor, dolor, rubor, tumor, loss of function
3 stages of inflammation
inflammatory response
repair and regeneration - collagen formation
remodelling and maturation
Cells in the inflammatory response and functions
PAMPs and DAMPs bind to resident immune cells
Release inflammatory mediators: histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, NO.
Inflammatory mediators trigger vasodilation and exudation. Also produce heat and pain.
Systemic response activated
Leukocytes migrate from blood as do innate immune components (complement etc.) and clotting factors.
How do COX enzymes promote inflammation
They metabolise arachidonic acid to prostacyclin and thromboxane
Types of macrophage
Monocytes in blood and bone marrow
Kupffer cells in liver
Microglia in CNS
Osteoclast in bone
