7 Neoplasia

Question 1

anaplastic

Answer 1

cells in MALIGNANT TUMORS that have lost their mature or specialized features.

Question 2

suffixes

Answer 2

BENIGN = “-oma”

MALIGNANT = “-carcinoma” “-sarcoma”

Question 3

exceptions to benign=”-oma” rule

Answer 3

lymphoma
hepatoma
melanoma
*all three are malignant

Question 4

carcinoma

Answer 4

epithelial origin

-malignant

Question 5

sarcoma

Answer 5

mesenchymal (nerve, bone, muscle)

-malignant

Question 6

genetic mechanisms of cancer

Answer 6

1 carcinogen
2 oncogene
3 tumor suppressor gene

Question 7

carcinogen

Answer 7

potential cancer-causing agent

Question 8

types oncogene

Answer 8

1 proto-oncogene in its mutant overactive form

2 proto-oncogene enhance the growth-producing pathways

Question 9

tumor suppressor gene

Answer 9

• inhibits cell proliferation

- cancers may arise when tumor suppressor gene function is lost or abnormally inhibited

Question 10

oncogene

Answer 10

normal cellular genes that can be transformed into oncogenes by activating “gain of function” mutations

Question 11

what does gain-of function mutations code for?

Answer 11

1 growth factors
2 receptors
3 cytoplasmic signaling molecules
4 nuclear transcription factors

Question 12

proto-oncogene

Answer 12

become activated oncogenes when mutations alter their activity so that proliferation-promoting signals are generated inappropriately

Question 13

4 retroviruses

Answer 13

1 HIV
2 EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
3 HUMAN T-LYMPH VIRUS TYPE 1
4 HEPATITIS C

Question 14

HIV cancer

Answer 14

kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 15

EPSTAIN-BARR VIRUS

Answer 15

burkitt lymphoma

Question 16

HUMAN T-LYMPH VIRUS TYPE 1

Answer 16

adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

Question 17

tumor-supperssor genes

Answer 17

contribute to cancer only when NOT present

• loss of function
• stops cell cycle for repairment
• one can inherit a defective tumor-suppressor gene which incr the risk of cancer

Question 18

autosomal recessive

Answer 18

both copies of tumor suppressor genes are inactivated when cancer develops

Question 19

Rb Gene

Answer 19

• normally “master brake” for cell cycle
• normally blocks/stops cell division
• -binds to transcription factors to inhibit fr transcribing

Question 20

p53 gene

Answer 20

• most common tumor-suppressor gene defect ID’d in cancer cells
• normally inhibits cell cycling
• more than half of all types of tumors lack functional p53

Question 21

BRCA1 + BRCA2 Genes

Answer 21

associated w breast cancer

Question 22

metastasis

Answer 22

• process by which cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites
• cancer cells generally

Question 23

how do cancer cells generally spread in metastasis?

Answer 23

via circulatory or lymphatic systems

Question 24

survival signal

Answer 24

suppresses apoptosis

Question 25

hypercalcermia

Answer 25

high calcium in blood

effect of paraneoplastic syndrome/cancer

Question 26

radiation therapy

Answer 26

• radiolysis (damages cell DNA)
• may not directly kill cells, initiates apoptosis
• targets all rapidly dividing cells (even normal ones)

Question 27

drug therapy

Answer 27

• most are cytotoxic

- targets all rapidly dividing cells (even normal ones)