45 Chronic Disorders of Neurological Function Flashcards
brain cerebellar disorders
- seizure disorder
- dementia
- parkinson disease
- cerebral palsy
- hydrocephalus
- cerebellar disorders
Seizure Disorder
transient neurologic event of paroxysmal abnormal or excessive cortical electrical discharge
- -manifested by disturbances of skeletal motor function, sensation, autonomic visceral function, behavior, or consciousness
- -due to an alteration in membrane potential that makes certain neurons abnormally hyperactive + hypersensitive to changes in the environment (epileptogenic focus)
possible triggers of seizure disorder
flashing lights, fever, loud noises
GENERALIZED Seizure Disorder
whole brain surface is affected during the seizure
-involvmnt of thalamus + RAS sytm results in loss of consciousness
GENERALIZED Seizure Disorder
5 types + examples
1 ABSENCE (PETIT MAL): occurs in kids, staring spells lasting seconds
2 ATYPICAL ABSENCE: myclonic jerks, automatism
staring spell
3 MYOCLONIC: single/several jerks
4 ATONIC (DROP ATTACK): fall down
5 TONIC-CLONIC (GRAND MAL): jerking of many muscles
Seizure Disorder
diagnosis
electroencephalograms
–assess electrical patterns of brain regions
Seizure Disorder
treatment for DURING A SEIZURE
- maintain airway
- protect fr injury
- document course seizure
Seizure Disorder
treatment when not hazing an episode
ANTICONVULSANT MEDICATION
- contd until no sizures for atleast 2 years
- -then gradually withdrawn
- NOT A CURE
Dementia
syndrome assoc w many pathologies
–characterized by progressive deterioration + continuing decline of memory + other cognitive changes
types of Dementia
1 Alzheimer (most common) 2 Vascular
Alzheimer’s Disease
characterized by degeneration of neurons in temporal + frontal lobes, brain atrophy, amyloid plaques, + neurofibrillary tangles
-behavioral problems progress from forgetfulness to total inability for self-care
Vascular Dementia
results fr single cerebrovascular insults
-risk factors: stroke, hypertension + diabetes
Dementia
s/s
- as the disease progresses, increasing difficulty w judgment, abstract thinking, problem-solving, + communication
- assistance for completing activities of daily living [ADLs]
- difficulty w eating, swallowing, weight loss, loss of bladder
Dementia
treatment
- ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
- N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists: memantine (Namenda)
- early diagnosis + intervention is KEY
- early stage may stay at home, later in an assisted living
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
- tacrine (Cognex)
- donepezil (Aricept)
- rivastigmine (Exelon)
- galantamine (Reminyl)
- for mild-moderate Alzheimers disease + Vascular dementia
- not a cure
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists: memantine (Namenda)
- for moderate-severe alzheimer
- blocks stim by neuroexcitatory transmitter glutamate
Parkinson Disease
- Dopamine deficiency in basal ganglia (substansia nigra) assoc w motor impairment, Lewy bodies
- difficulty initiating + controlling mvmt results in akinesia, tremor, rigidity
Parkinson Disease
s/s
- general lack of mvmt
- loss of facial expression
- drooling
- propulsive shuffling gait
- absent arm swing