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Pathophysiology > 45 Chronic Disorders of Neurological Function > Flashcards

45 Chronic Disorders of Neurological Function Flashcards

1
Q

brain cerebellar disorders

A
  • seizure disorder
  • dementia
  • parkinson disease
  • cerebral palsy
  • hydrocephalus
  • cerebellar disorders
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2
Q

Seizure Disorder

A

transient neurologic event of paroxysmal abnormal or excessive cortical electrical discharge

  • -manifested by disturbances of skeletal motor function, sensation, autonomic visceral function, behavior, or consciousness
  • -due to an alteration in membrane potential that makes certain neurons abnormally hyperactive + hypersensitive to changes in the environment (epileptogenic focus)
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3
Q

possible triggers of seizure disorder

A

flashing lights, fever, loud noises

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4
Q

GENERALIZED Seizure Disorder

A

whole brain surface is affected during the seizure

-involvmnt of thalamus + RAS sytm results in loss of consciousness

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5
Q

GENERALIZED Seizure Disorder

5 types + examples

A

1 ABSENCE (PETIT MAL): occurs in kids, staring spells lasting seconds
2 ATYPICAL ABSENCE: myclonic jerks, automatism
staring spell
3 MYOCLONIC: single/several jerks
4 ATONIC (DROP ATTACK): fall down
5 TONIC-CLONIC (GRAND MAL): jerking of many muscles

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6
Q

Seizure Disorder

diagnosis

A

electroencephalograms

–assess electrical patterns of brain regions

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7
Q

Seizure Disorder

treatment for DURING A SEIZURE

A
  • maintain airway
  • protect fr injury
  • document course seizure
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8
Q

Seizure Disorder

treatment when not hazing an episode

A

ANTICONVULSANT MEDICATION

  • contd until no sizures for atleast 2 years
  • -then gradually withdrawn
  • NOT A CURE
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9
Q

Dementia

A

syndrome assoc w many pathologies

–characterized by progressive deterioration + continuing decline of memory + other cognitive changes

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10
Q

types of Dementia

A 
1 Alzheimer (most common)
2 Vascular
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11
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

characterized by degeneration of neurons in temporal + frontal lobes, brain atrophy, amyloid plaques, + neurofibrillary tangles

-behavioral problems progress from forgetfulness to total inability for self-care

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12
Q

Vascular Dementia

A

results fr single cerebrovascular insults

-risk factors: stroke, hypertension + diabetes

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13
Q

Dementia

s/s

A
  • as the disease progresses, increasing difficulty w judgment, abstract thinking, problem-solving, + communication
  • assistance for completing activities of daily living [ADLs]
  • difficulty w eating, swallowing, weight loss, loss of bladder
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14
Q

Dementia

treatment

A
  • ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists: memantine (Namenda)
  • early diagnosis + intervention is KEY
  • early stage may stay at home, later in an assisted living
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15
Q

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

A
  • tacrine (Cognex)
  • donepezil (Aricept)
  • rivastigmine (Exelon)
  • galantamine (Reminyl)
  • for mild-moderate Alzheimers disease + Vascular dementia
  • not a cure
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16
Q

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists: memantine (Namenda)

A
  • for moderate-severe alzheimer

- blocks stim by neuroexcitatory transmitter glutamate

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17
Q

Parkinson Disease

A
  • Dopamine deficiency in basal ganglia (substansia nigra) assoc w motor impairment, Lewy bodies
  • difficulty initiating + controlling mvmt results in akinesia, tremor, rigidity
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18
Q

Parkinson Disease

s/s

A
  • general lack of mvmt
  • loss of facial expression
  • drooling
  • propulsive shuffling gait
  • absent arm swing
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19
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

diverse group of crippling syndromes that appear during childhood + involve permanent, nonaggressive damage to motor control areas of brain
-symptoms remain for life

20
Q

what area is damaged in cerebral palsy?

A

upper motor neurons that control voluntary + involuntary muscle mvmt

21
Q

Cerebral Palsy

etiology

A
  • prenatal infection
  • disease of mother
  • mechanical trauma to head before, during, or after birth
  • exposure to nerve-damaging poisons
  • reduced oxygen supply to the brain
22
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF in cerebroventricular sytm

-assoc w neural tube deficit

23
Q

Obstructive Hydrocephalus

A

obstruction to the flow of CSF

-blocked aqueduct of Sylvius, fr premature closure before birth

24
Q

Obstructive Hydrocephalus

treatment

A

may be corrected surgically

  • VENTRICULOPERITONEAL SHUNT
  • –most effective treatment
  • –CSF flows into peritoneal cavity
  • ENDOSCOPIC THIRD VENTRICULOSTOMY
  • –making a hole in the third ventricle to allow free flow of CSF into basal cisterns for reabsorption
25
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS that primarily affects young adults
–autoimmune disorder that results in inflammation + scarring (sclerosis) of myelin sheaths covering nerves; slowly progressive

26
Q

demyelination can occur throughout the CNS but often affects….

A

1 optic nerve
2 oculomotor nerve
3 spinal nerve tract

27
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

s/s

A

exacerbation + remission:

  • -exacerbated by heat, infection, trauma, stress
  • double/blurred vision
  • weakness
  • poor coordination
  • sensory deficits
  • bowel + bladder control may be lost
  • memory impairment common
28
Q

Spina Bifida

A

development anomaly characterized by defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord (neural tube) thru which the spinal cord + meninges may or may not protrude

29
Q

Spina Bifida

etiology

A

environmental factors (especially lack of folate) + genetics

30
Q

Spina Bifida

treatment

A

surgery
C-section
***folic acid before + during pregnancy

31
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

aka Lou Gehrig disease

  • progressive disease affecting both the upper and lower motor neurons
  • weakness + wasting of upper extremities usually occur, followed by impaired speech, swallowing, + breathing
32
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

s/s

A 
weakness
atrophy
cramps
stiffness
irregular twitching
hyperreflexia in weak
atrophied extremity
33
Q

Spinal Cord Injury

mechanisms of injury

A

hyperflexion
hyperextension
compression

34
Q

types of Spinal Cord Injury

A

1 Spinal Shock

2 Neurogenic Shock

35
Q

Spinal Cord Injury - Spinal Shock

A

occurs immediately + characterized by temporary loss of reflexes below the level of injury

  • -muscles flaccid; skeletal/autonomic reflex lost
  • -end of spinal shock: reflex return + flaccidity replace spasticity
36
Q

Spinal Cord Injury - Neurogenic Shock

A

may occur after SCI due to peripheral vasodilation
–hypotension, bradycardia, + circulatory collapse can occur (life-threatening); high spinal cord injuries can affect respiratory muscles

37
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

inflammatory demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system or a lower motor neuron disorder
–segmental demyelination that is T-cell + B-cell mediated

38
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

s/s

A
  • muscle weakness that begins in the lower extremities + spreads to the proximal spinal neurons
  • progressive ascending weakness or paralysis, may affect respiratory muscles
39
Q

Bell Palsy

A

idiopathic neuropathy of the facial nerve

-paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face

40
Q

Bell Palsy

etiology

A

virus

41
Q

Bell Palsy

s/s

A
  • develop rapidly over 24-48 hrs
  • unilateral facial weakness
  • facial droop + diminished eye blink
  • hyperacusis
  • decreased lacrimation
42
Q

Status Epilpeticus

A

continuing series of seizures,

  • no recovery bw episodes
  • life threatening
43
Q

2 types of seizures

A

Generalized

Partial

44
Q

Partial seizures

A

abnomal electrical activity on ONE brain hemisphere

3 types: simple , complex, partialw secondary generalization

45
Q

Simple Partial Seizure

A

no change in LOC

-motor, sensory, or autinomic sympt common

46
Q

Complex Partial Seizure

A

change in LOC

Pathophysiology (32 decks)

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