2 Homeostasis, allostasis, adaptive responses to stressors

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

• remaining stable while staying the same
• state in which systems are in balance
• state of equilibrium
• ideal “set point” despite alterations w/in the body

Question 2

Allostasis

Answer 2

• ability to successfully adapt to changes
• intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain
• dynamic process that maintains or re-establishes homeostasis in light of environmental + lifestyle changes

Question 3

Stress/Stressor

Answer 3

• physical, chem, or emo factor resulting in tension of body and mind (may be internal or external)
• actual physical + mental state that tension produces
• real or perceived threat to homeostasis
• direct consciously or indirect unconsciously sensed threat to the stability of the organism

Question 4

General Adaptation Syndrome

3 stages

Answer 4

1 alarm
2 resistance/adaptation
3 exhaustion

Question 5

General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 5

aka GAS

-Selye has done a lot of research on adaptation syndrome

Question 6

Alarm

Answer 6

• 1st stage of Gen Adapt Synd
• fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus
• Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 7

Resistance/Adaptation

Answer 7

• a stage in gen. adapt. synd

- activity of the nervous + endocrine systems in returning body to homeostasis

Question 8

Exhaustion

Answer 8

• a stage in gen. adapt. synd
• point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
• allostatic overload

Question 9

Allostatic Overload

Answer 9

“cost” of body’s organs + tissues for an ineffectively regulated allostatic response

-a type of exhaustion which is a stage in gen. adapt. syndr

Question 10

acute stress responses

Answer 10

1 elevation of cardiac output
2 vasomotor changes
3 lipolysis
4 glycogenolysis
5 insulin suppression
6 increased respiration
7 enhanced blood coagulation

Question 11

catecholamines vs corticosteroids

Answer 11

catelocholamines cause epinephrine and norepinephrine - causes acute sress

corticosteroids like glucocorticoid causes chronic stress steroids

both released by adrenals

Question 12

chronic stress responses

Answer 12

1 gluconeogenesis
2 protein catabolism
3 inhibits glucose uptake
4 suppress protein synth
5 stabilize vascular reactivity
6 immune response suppression

Question 13

Norepinephrine responses

Answer 13

• constrict blood vessels + raise blood pressure [alpha receptor]
• reduce gastric secretions
• increase night + far vision

Question 14

Epinephrine responses

Answer 14

• enhances myocardial contractility, incr heart rate, inc cardiac output [beta 1 receptor]
• causes bronchodilation [beta 2 receptor]
• incr the release of glucose fr liver [glycogenolysis] + elevates blood glucose levels

Question 15

alpha + beta receptors

Answer 15

alpha - norepinephrine constrict blood vessels + raise blood pressure

beta 1 - epinephrine enhances myocardial contractility, incr heart rate, inc cardiac output

beta 2 - epinephrine causes bronchodilation

Question 16

Adrenocortical Steroids responses

Answer 16

• critical for maintenance of homeostasis
• may synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines

ex) cortisol + aldosterone

Question 17

Cortisol/Steroid

Answer 17

-primary glucocorticoid

Question 18

Cortisol/Steroid responses

Answer 18

• affects protein metabolism (CATABOLISM)
• promotes appetite + food seeking behaviors
• has anti-inflammatory effects

Question 19

Aldosterone

Answer 19

primary mineralcorticoid

Question 20

Aldosterone responses

Answer 20

• promotes reabsorption of sodium + water

- incr blood pressure

Question 21

sex hormones responses

Answer 21

• affects stress responses, thus influencing allostasis
• may help explain gender responses during stress

ex) estrogen, testosterone, dehydropiandrosterone

Question 22

8 effects of allostatic overload on nervous system

Answer 22

1 neuropsychological manifestations
2 nervous tic
3 fatigue
4 loss of motivation
5 anxiety 
6 overeating
7 depression
8 insomnia

Question 23

4 effects of allostatic overload on cardiovascular system

Answer 23

1 irregular heart rate + rhythm
2 hypertension
3 stroke
4 coronary artery disease

Question 24

5 effects of allostatic overload on gastrointestinal system

Answer 24

1 gastritis
2 irritable bowel syndrome
3 diarrhea
4 nausea + vomit
5 ulcerative colitis

Question 25

4 effects of allostatic overload on genitourinary system

Answer 25

1 diuresis
2 irritable bladder
3 sexual dysfunction
4 menstrual irregularity

Question 26

5 effects of allostatic overload on integumentary system

Answer 26

1 eczema
2 psoriasis
3 neurodermatitis
4 acne
5 hair loss

Question 27

3 effects of allostatic overload on respiratory system

Answer 27

1 increased respiration
2 asthma
3 hay fever

Question 28

3 effects of allostatic overload on immune system

Answer 28

1 immunodeficiency
2 immunosuppression
3 autoimmune disease

Question 29

2 effects of allostatic overload on endocrine system

Answer 29

1 hyperglycemia

2 diabetes mellitus

Question 30

4 effects of allostatic overload on musculoskeletal system

Answer 30

1 tension headache
2 muscle contraction backache
3 rheumatoid arthritis
4 inflammatory diseases of connective tissue