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Pathophysiology > 2 Homeostasis, allostasis, adaptive responses to stressors > Flashcards

2 Homeostasis, allostasis, adaptive responses to stressors Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • remaining stable while staying the same
  • state in which systems are in balance
  • state of equilibrium
  • ideal “set point” despite alterations w/in the body
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2
Q

Allostasis

A
  • ability to successfully adapt to changes
  • intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain
  • dynamic process that maintains or re-establishes homeostasis in light of environmental + lifestyle changes
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3
Q

Stress/Stressor

A
  • physical, chem, or emo factor resulting in tension of body and mind (may be internal or external)
  • actual physical + mental state that tension produces
  • real or perceived threat to homeostasis
  • direct consciously or indirect unconsciously sensed threat to the stability of the organism
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4
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

3 stages

A

1 alarm
2 resistance/adaptation
3 exhaustion

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5
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

aka GAS

-Selye has done a lot of research on adaptation syndrome

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6
Q

Alarm

A
  • 1st stage of Gen Adapt Synd
  • fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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7
Q

Resistance/Adaptation

A
  • a stage in gen. adapt. synd

- activity of the nervous + endocrine systems in returning body to homeostasis

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8
Q

Exhaustion

A
  • a stage in gen. adapt. synd
  • point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
  • allostatic overload
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9
Q

Allostatic Overload

A

“cost” of body’s organs + tissues for an ineffectively regulated allostatic response

-a type of exhaustion which is a stage in gen. adapt. syndr

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10
Q

acute stress responses

A 
1 elevation of cardiac output
2 vasomotor changes
3 lipolysis
4 glycogenolysis
5 insulin suppression
6 increased respiration
7 enhanced blood coagulation
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11
Q

catecholamines vs corticosteroids

A

catelocholamines cause epinephrine and norepinephrine - causes acute sress

corticosteroids like glucocorticoid causes chronic stress steroids

both released by adrenals

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12
Q

chronic stress responses

A 
1 gluconeogenesis
2 protein catabolism
3 inhibits glucose uptake
4 suppress protein synth
5 stabilize vascular reactivity
6 immune response suppression
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13
Q

Norepinephrine responses

A
  • constrict blood vessels + raise blood pressure [alpha receptor]
  • reduce gastric secretions
  • increase night + far vision
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14
Q

Epinephrine responses

A
  • enhances myocardial contractility, incr heart rate, inc cardiac output [beta 1 receptor]
  • causes bronchodilation [beta 2 receptor]
  • incr the release of glucose fr liver [glycogenolysis] + elevates blood glucose levels
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15
Q

alpha + beta receptors

A

alpha - norepinephrine constrict blood vessels + raise blood pressure

beta 1 - epinephrine enhances myocardial contractility, incr heart rate, inc cardiac output

beta 2 - epinephrine causes bronchodilation

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16
Q

Adrenocortical Steroids responses

A
  • critical for maintenance of homeostasis
  • may synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines

ex) cortisol + aldosterone

17
Q

Cortisol/Steroid

A

-primary glucocorticoid

18
Q

Cortisol/Steroid responses

A
  • affects protein metabolism (CATABOLISM)
  • promotes appetite + food seeking behaviors
  • has anti-inflammatory effects
19
Q

Aldosterone

A

primary mineralcorticoid

20
Q

Aldosterone responses

A
  • promotes reabsorption of sodium + water

- incr blood pressure

21
Q

sex hormones responses

A
  • affects stress responses, thus influencing allostasis
  • may help explain gender responses during stress

ex) estrogen, testosterone, dehydropiandrosterone

22
Q

8 effects of allostatic overload on nervous system

A 
1 neuropsychological manifestations
2 nervous tic
3 fatigue
4 loss of motivation
5 anxiety 
6 overeating
7 depression
8 insomnia
23
Q

4 effects of allostatic overload on cardiovascular system

A

1 irregular heart rate + rhythm
2 hypertension
3 stroke
4 coronary artery disease

24
Q

5 effects of allostatic overload on gastrointestinal system

A 
1 gastritis
2 irritable bowel syndrome
3 diarrhea
4 nausea + vomit
5 ulcerative colitis
25
Q

4 effects of allostatic overload on genitourinary system

A

1 diuresis
2 irritable bladder
3 sexual dysfunction
4 menstrual irregularity

26
Q

5 effects of allostatic overload on integumentary system

A 
1 eczema
2 psoriasis
3 neurodermatitis
4 acne
5 hair loss
27
Q

3 effects of allostatic overload on respiratory system

A

1 increased respiration
2 asthma
3 hay fever

28
Q

3 effects of allostatic overload on immune system

A

1 immunodeficiency
2 immunosuppression
3 autoimmune disease

29
Q

2 effects of allostatic overload on endocrine system

A

1 hyperglycemia

2 diabetes mellitus

30
Q

4 effects of allostatic overload on musculoskeletal system

A

1 tension headache
2 muscle contraction backache
3 rheumatoid arthritis
4 inflammatory diseases of connective tissue

Pathophysiology (32 decks)

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