7 Memory and Forgetting

Question 1

is the ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

is the ability to retain information over time through three processes:

Answer 2

encoding, storing, retrieving

Question 3

is the first step to processing a data or information. The data collected from the environment through our senses are converted into psychological formats that can be mentally represented through semantic codes so that they can be recognized at once when recalled.

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

is the second process of memory in which the data or information are stored and maintained in the memory over time.

Answer 4

storing

Question 5

is the third process of memory whereby the stored data or information are taken out of memory.

Answer 5

retrieving

Question 6

refers to an initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds.

Answer 6

sensory memory

Question 7

is a form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears

Answer 7

iconic memory

Question 8

is a form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 or 2 seconds.

Answer 8

echoic memory

Question 9

also called working memory, refers to another process that can hold only a limited amount of information (an average of seven items) for only s short period of time (2 to 30 seconds).

Answer 9

short-term memory

Question 10

2 ways to improve short-term memory

Answer 10

1. chunking
2. rehearsal

Question 11

involves grouping, or “packing” information that exceeds the 7 ± 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.

Answer 11

chunking

Question 12

defines rehearsal as the conscious repetition of information.

Answer 12

Santrock (2005)

Question 13

Information stored in short- term memory lasts half a minute or less without rehearsal. If rehearsal is not interrupted, however, information can be retained indefinitely.

Answer 13

rehearsal

Question 14

refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over a long period of time.

Answer 14

long-term memory

Question 15

what are the long-term memory

Answer 15

1. procedural memory
2. declarative memory

Question 16

kind of declarative memory

Answer 16

1. semantic memory
2. episodic memory

Question 17

is memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and facts such as “a bike has two wheels”.

Answer 17

declarative memory

Question 18

is a memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.

Answer 18

semantic memory

Question 19

is memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context.

Answer 19

episodic memory

Question 20

refers to memory for skills and habits as how to ride a bike or hit a baseball.

Answer 20

procedural memory

Question 21

refers to the inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still in long-term memory.

Answer 21

forgetting

Question 22

reasons for forgetting

Answer 22

1. repression
2. poor retrieval cues
3. amnesia
4. interference

Question 23

is a mental process that automatically hides emotionally threatening or anxiety-producing information in the unconscious.

Answer 23

repression

Question 24

are mental reminders that we create by forming vivid mental images or creating associations between new information and information we already know.

Answer 24

poor retrieval cues

Question 25

is the loss of memory that may occur after a blow or damage to the brain (temporary or permanent), after drug use, or after severe psychological stress.

Answer 25

amnesia

Question 26

One of the common- reasons for forgetting, this means that the recall of some particular memory is blocked or prevented by other related memories.

Answer 26

interference

Question 27

occurs when old information (learned earlier) blocks or disrupts the remembering of related new information (learned later)

Answer 27

proactive inteference

Question 28

occurs when new information (learned later) blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier).

Answer 28

retroactive interference

Question 29

kinds of interference

Answer 29

-proactive interference -retroactive interference

Question 30

improving memory

Answer 30

1. exercise regularly 2. enough sleep 3. manage stress 4. give your brain a workout

Question 31

are clues of any kind that help us remember something, usually by helping us associate the information we want to remember with a visual image, a sentence, or a word.

Answer 31

mnemonics

Question 32

what are mnemonic devices

Answer 32

1. visual image 2. acrostic 3. acronym 4. rhymes and alliteration 5. chunking 6. method of loci

Question 33

Associate a visual image with a word or name to help you remember them better. Positive, pleasant images that are vivid, colorful, and three-dimensional will be easier to remember.

Answer 33

visual image

Question 34

To remember the name Rosa Parks and what she’s known for, picture a woman sitting on a park bench surrounded by roses, waiting as her bus pulls up.

Answer 34

visual image

Question 35

Make up a sentence in which the first letter of each word is part of or represents the initial of what you want to remember.

Answer 35

acrostic

Question 36

The sentence “Every good boy does fine” to memorize the lines of the treble clef, representing the notes E, G, B, D, and F

Answer 36

acrostic

Question 37

An acronym is a word that is made up by taking the first letters of all the key words or ideas you need to remember and creating a new word out of them.

Answer 37

acronym

Question 38

The word “HOMES” to remember the names of the Great Lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.

Answer 38

acronym

Question 39

Rhymes, alliteration (a repeating sound of syllable), and even jokes are a memorable way to remember more mundane facts and figures.

Answer 39

rhymes and alliteration

Question 40

The rhyme “Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November” to remember the months of the year with only 30 days in them.

Answer 40

rhymes and alliteration

Question 41

breaks a long list of numbers or other types of information into smaller, more manageable chunks.

Answer 41

chunking

Question 42

Remembering a 10-digit phone number by breaking it down into three sets of numbers: 939-991-5596 (as opposed to 9399915596

Answer 42

chunking

Question 43

Imagine placing the items you want to remember along a route you know well or in specific locations in familiar room or building.

Answer 43

method of loci

Question 44

For a shopping list, imagine bananas in the entryway to your home, a puddle of milk in the middle of the sofa, eggs going up the stairs, and bread on your bed.

Answer 44

method of loci