6 Learning Flashcards
is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. It does not include behavior changes that are due to maturation or temporary conditions of the organism, such as fatigue or drug-induced states.
Learning
is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about the response.
classical conditioning
excitation states that repeated pairing of the conditioned response and unconditioned stimulus elicit conditioned response.
principles of acquisition
states that the inhibitory process occurs when, after establishing the conditioned responses, a new stimulus is presented at the same time with the conditioned stimulus.
principle of extinction
states that a conditioned response, after being extinguished, will reoccur or reappear without further conditioning.
principle of spontaneous recovery
what are the 3 basic principles of classical conditioning
- principle of acquisition
- principle of extinction
- principle of spontaneous recovery
is the basis for many of the most important kinds of human and animal learning. It is a kind of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable of unfavorable consequences.
Operant Conditioning
is a process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
reinforcement
process of operant conditioning
-accidental response
-reinforcement
-deliberate response
refers to any
stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.
reinforcer
is a stimulus added to
the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
positive reinforcer
refers to an unpleasant
stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
negative reinforcer
refers to a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again.
punishment
what are the central concept of operant conditioning
- reinforcement
- reinforcer
- positive reinforcer
- negative reinforcer
(“positive” means adding something)
positive punishment
weakens a response through the application of unpleasant stimulus.
positive punishment
For instance, spanking a child from misbehaving or spending ten years in jail for committing a crime is positive punishment.
positive punishment
(“negative” means removing something).
negative punishment
Negative punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant.
negative punishment
For instance, when a teenager is told she is “grounded” and no longer be able to use the family car because of her poor grades is negative punishment.
negative punishment
which is done when a behavior is reinforced everytime it occurs
continuous reinforcement
wherein a response is reinforced only part of the time.
partial reinforcement
4 schedules of partial reinforcement
- fixed-ratio schedules
- variable-ratio schedules
- fixed-interval schedules
- variable-interval schedules
occurs when a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.
fixed-ratio schedules
Examples include workers who are paid for the number of baskets of fruits picked or reports written. This type of fixed-ratio payment is commonly referred to as “piecework”
fixed ratio schedules
reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather that after a fixed number.
variable-ratio schedules
Gambling and lottery
games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule. One never knows when he might hit the jackpot, and a high response rate is likely to occur.
variable-ratio schedules
occur when the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed..
fixed-interval schedules
Employees who
are paid an hourly or daily wage or a weekly or monthly salary are being reinforced on this schedule
fixed-interval schedules
occurs when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
variable-interval schedules
a worker is paid on the average of one month, but the exact time depends on when the owner does the payroll.
variable-interval schedules
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.
cognitive learning theory
Concepts are
generalized symbolic responses to represent similar stimuli or situations.
concept learning
Concepts are either abstract or concrete (Ariola, 2000)
concept learning
is a mental process
marked by sudden and expected solution to a problem, a phenomenon often called the “ah-ha!” experience.
insight learning
is learning by observing the behavior of
another person or a model.
observational learning
types of cognitive learning theory
- concept learning
- insight learning
- observational learning
proposed the primary laws of learning (laws of effect, readiness and exercise). Other psychologists proposed the laws of apperception, association, frequency and recency, intensity, and the law of forgetting (Ariola, 2000).
Edward Lee Thorndike
states that if the
responses are rewarded and the reward is satisfying or pleasant, the connection or behavior is strengthened.
The law of effect
states that when an
individual is ready (matured) to act, doing it is satisfying; not doing it is annoying or when an individual is not ready (not matured) to act, trying to do it is annoying and frustrating.
the law of readiness
states that the more connections are
exercised, the stronger the connections become.
the law of exercise
states that when a new experience is
connected or integrated with the past experiences, learning is effective.
The law of apperception
It points out that the
more experiences are associated or related to each other to form new connections, the better is the learning.
The law of association
states that the more frequent a
response is made, the easier is the stimulus recalled while the law of recency stresses that if there are several responses made to a stimulus, the more recent one is easily learned of recalled.
the law of frequency
states that the more
intense is the connection, the stronger is the connection, and consequently learning is effective.
the law of intensity
states that the first
learned act will be better remembered that acts learned later.
the law of primacy
states that
meaningful stimuli are easily learned and less likely forgotten than non-meaningful stimuli
the law of forgetting
what are the laws of learning
a. the law of effect
b. the law of readiness
c. the law of exercise
d. the law of apperception
e. the law of association
f. the law of frequency
g. the law of intensity
h. the law of primacy
i. the law of forgetting
