3 Human Growth and Development Flashcards
is the scientific study of how people change and stay the same over time
Human Development
What are change
- Quantitative change
- Qualitative change
refers to variation in number, amount, or size
quantitative change
refers to a shift in kind, structure, or organization
qualitative change
what are the stages in prenatal period
- Germinal Stage
- Embryonic Stage
- Fetal Stage
Refers to the 2-week period following conception.
germinal stage
Extends from the second to the eighth week after conception
embryonic stage
occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female’s ovum (egg)
conception or fertilization
Begins two months after conception & lasts until birth.
fetal stage
- There is a developing organism which is known as fetus.
fetal stage
Cells are divide & begin to differentiate into bone, muscles & body organs
embryonic stage
what are the chromosomal abnormalities
- turner
- down syndrome
- fragile x
- klinefelter
what are the prenatal diagnostic tests
- fetal MRI
- Ultrasound Sonography
magnetic resonance imaging designed to diagnose fetal malformations
fetal MRI
high-frequency sound waves used to create a visual representation of fetus’s inner structures
Ultrasound Sonography
The life-span approach to development conceives the human life cycle to consist of roughly eight stages
Development throughout the life span
what are the development throughout the life span
- prenatal period
- infancy
- early childhood (2-6)
- middle and late childhood (6-11)
- adolescence (11-20)
- early adulthood (20s-40s)
- middle adulthood (40s-60s)
- late adulthood (60s onwards)
Is the time from conception to birth
prenatal period
A single-celled zygote develops in a series of stages into a full0term baby complete with brain & behavioral capabilities
prenatal period
Lasts from birth until approximately the age of 2.
infancy
A great deal of initial learning, provided through environmental cues like parents’ behavior, occurs.
infancy
Basic skills such as crying, nursing, co- ordination, & the ability to represent mages & objects with words, are mastered during this period
infancy
Is a time of tremendous growth across all areas of development
early childhood (2-6)
The primary development task of this stage is skill development
early childhood (2-6)
Refers to the elementary school years
middle and late childhood (6-11)
Accelerated mental skill development and an increased ability to talk about experiences, thoughts, & feelings are the key cognitive development during the time.
middle and late childhood (6-11)
Increase focus on friends 7 being accepted in a peer group.
middle and late childhood (6-11)
Is the development period of transition from childhood to adulthood.
adolescence (11-20)
It begins with puberty, a time of rapid growth & sexual development.
adolescence (11-20)
They develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, develop moral philosophies , & establish & maintain satisfying relationships.
adolescence (11-20)
They develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, develop moral philosophies , & establish & maintain satisfying relationships.
adolescence (11-20)
Is the time where individuals establish personal & economic independence
early adulthood (20-40)
Choices concerning marriage & family as well as career decisions are often made during this stage.
early adulthood (20-40)
The period where adults develop a genuine concern for the welfare of future generations
middle adulthood (40-60)
They contribute to the world through family and work.
middle adulthood (40-60)
What are the 7 major task listed havighurst
- Physiological adjustment
- occupational satisfaction
- looking after aging parents
- effective guidance of teams
- socio-civic achievement
- strong matrimonial relationship
- leisure activity
A time of adjustment to decreasing strength & health, life review, retirement, & adjustment to new social roles.
late adulthood (60s onwards)
what are the aspects of development
- Anatomical
- Physiological
- Behavioral
what are the types of change in development
- change in size
- change in proportion
- disappearance of old features
- acquisition of new features
what are the types of change in development
- change in size
- change in proportion
- disappearance of old features
- acquisition of new features
what are the other forms of development
- motor development
- emotional development
- cognitive development
Refers to the stages of motor skills that all infants pass through as they acquire the muscular control necessary for making coordinated movements
motor development
States that parts closer to the center of the infant’s body develop before parts farther away
proximodistal principle
proximo means
near
distal means
far
States that parts of the body closer to the head develop before parts closer to the feet
cephalocaudal principle
cephalo means
head
caudal means
tail
what are the 2 principle under motor development
- proximodistal principle
- cephalocaudal principle
Is an interaction between temperament (nature) and positive or negative environmental feedback (nurture), which children receive as they explore their worlds.
emotional development
refers to the individual differences in attention, arousal, and reactivity to new or novel situations
temperament
Refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of his or her world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learned factors.
cognitive development
Jean Piaget
Cognitive Development
a process by which a child uses old methods of experiences to deal with new situations
assimilation
a process by which a child changes old methods to deal with or adjust to new situations
accommodation
stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor stage (from birth to age 2)
- Preoperational Stage (2-7)
- concrete operational stage (7-11)
- formal operations stage (12-adulthood)
In this stage, infants interact with and learn about their environment by relating their sensory experiences to their motor actions
sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)
the awareness that objects continue to exist even of they can no longer be heard, touched, or seen
object permanence
object permanence is under
sensorimotor stage
Children use symbols such as words or mental images to solve simple problems, & to think or talk about things that are not present.
preoperational stage (2-7)
refers to the fact that even though the shape of some object or substance is changed, the total amount remains the same and engaging in egocentric thinking.
conservation
refers to seeing & thinking of the world only from their own viewpoint and having difficulty appreciating someone else’s viewpoint
egocentric thinking
conservation and egocentric thinking belongs to
preoperational stage
Can perform a number of logical operations on concrete objects.
concrete operational stage (7-11)
the ability to figure out relationships between objects provided the objects are physically present or “concrete”
classification
classification belong to
concrete operational stage (7-11)
Adolescence & adults develop the ability to think about & solve abstract problems in a logical manner
formal operations stage (12-adulthood)
who developed moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
The primary consideration at this level is the consequence of the act to the self.
pre-conventional morality
Moral decisions are egocentric; behaviors are motivated by self- interest, avoidance of punishment, or the attainment of rewards
pre-conventional morality
stages of pre-conventional morality
- stage 1: punishment and obedience
- stage 2: individualism and exchange
At this stage children obey rules established by authorities and see them fixed and absolute.
stage 1: punishment and obedience
Obeying rules is important because it it’s a means to avoid punishment.
stage 1: punishment and obedience
A stage of moral development where children for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs
stage 2: individualism and exchange
Conforming to social norms & maintaining the social order become central to a child’s reasoning at this stage.
conventional morality
Moral reasoning at this stage becomes socio- centric.
conventional morality
what are the stages under conventional morality
stage 3: interpersonal relationships
stage 4: maintaining social order
Referred to as the “good boy-good girl” orientation where moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles.
stage 3: interpersonal relationships
They make moral decisions on the basis of what please others.
stage 3: interpersonal relationships
The stage where individuals start to consider society as a whole when making judgements.
stage 4: maintaining social order
The emphasis is on obeying laws so that social order is maintained.
stage 4: maintaining social order
Considered the highest level of moral development.
post-conventional morality
Moral judgement is based on the universal principles of justice, equality, & human dignity
post-conventional morality
The individual abides by self chosen principles
post-conventional morality
what are the stages under post-conventional morality
stage 5: social contract & individual rights
stage 6: universal principles
At this stage, people begin to account for the differing values, opinions, & beliefs of other people.
stage 5: social contract & individual rights
Is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning; people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws & rules.
stage 6: universal principles
0 to 18 months, give the stage and erogenous zone
oral
mouth/sucking, biting, chewing
18 to 36 m o n t h s (stage and erogenous zone)
anal
anus/bowel and bladder control
3 to 6 years (stage & erogenous zone)
phallic
genitals/masturbation
6 years to puberty (stage and erogenous zone)
latency
repression of sexual feelings
puberty+ (stage and erogenous zone)
genital
maturation of sexual orientation
Means finding reasonable explanations for unreasonable or unacceptable behavior to make them sound logical & acceptable or putting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for one’s perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality
rationalism
Is done when a person refused to accept the reality or fact, acting as thought or feeling did not exist.
denial
Is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and impulse.
repression
means attributing one’s own undesired thoughts, feelings, or impulses to another person who does not have those thoughts, feelings, or impulses.
projection
Refers to a denial and reversal of one’s feelings
reaction formation
Is the channelling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts, and emotions into more acceptable ones
sublimation
Is the channelling of energy away from one person or object to an alternative
displacement
what are the defense mechanisms
- rationalization
- denial
- repression
- projection
- reaction formation
- sublimation
- displacement
