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Psych 151 > 3 Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

3 Human Growth and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

is the scientific study of how people change and stay the same over time

A

Human Development

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2
Q

What are change

A
  1. Quantitative change
  2. Qualitative change
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3
Q

refers to variation in number, amount, or size

A

quantitative change

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4
Q

refers to a shift in kind, structure, or organization

A

qualitative change

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5
Q

what are the stages in prenatal period

A
  1. Germinal Stage
  2. Embryonic Stage
  3. Fetal Stage
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6
Q

Refers to the 2-week period following conception.

A

germinal stage

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7
Q

Extends from the second to the eighth week after conception

A

embryonic stage

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8
Q

occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female’s ovum (egg)

A

conception or fertilization

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9
Q

Begins two months after conception & lasts until birth.

A

fetal stage

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10
Q
  • There is a developing organism which is known as fetus.
A

fetal stage

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11
Q

Cells are divide & begin to differentiate into bone, muscles & body organs

A

embryonic stage

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12
Q

what are the chromosomal abnormalities

A
  1. turner
  2. down syndrome
  3. fragile x
  4. klinefelter
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13
Q

what are the prenatal diagnostic tests

A
  1. fetal MRI
  2. Ultrasound Sonography
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14
Q

magnetic resonance imaging designed to diagnose fetal malformations

A

fetal MRI

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15
Q

high-frequency sound waves used to create a visual representation of fetus’s inner structures

A

Ultrasound Sonography

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16
Q

The life-span approach to development conceives the human life cycle to consist of roughly eight stages

A

Development throughout the life span

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17
Q

what are the development throughout the life span

A
  1. prenatal period
  2. infancy
  3. early childhood (2-6)
  4. middle and late childhood (6-11)
  5. adolescence (11-20)
  6. early adulthood (20s-40s)
  7. middle adulthood (40s-60s)
  8. late adulthood (60s onwards)
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18
Q

Is the time from conception to birth

A

prenatal period

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19
Q

A single-celled zygote develops in a series of stages into a full0term baby complete with brain & behavioral capabilities

A

prenatal period

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20
Q

Lasts from birth until approximately the age of 2.

A

infancy

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21
Q

A great deal of initial learning, provided through environmental cues like parents’ behavior, occurs.

A

infancy

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22
Q

Basic skills such as crying, nursing, co- ordination, & the ability to represent mages & objects with words, are mastered during this period

A

infancy

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23
Q

Is a time of tremendous growth across all areas of development

A

early childhood (2-6)

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24
Q

The primary development task of this stage is skill development

A

early childhood (2-6)

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25
Q

Refers to the elementary school years

A

middle and late childhood (6-11)

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26
Q

Accelerated mental skill development and an increased ability to talk about experiences, thoughts, & feelings are the key cognitive development during the time.

A

middle and late childhood (6-11)

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27
Q

Increase focus on friends 7 being accepted in a peer group.

A

middle and late childhood (6-11)

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28
Q

Is the development period of transition from childhood to adulthood.

A

adolescence (11-20)

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29
Q

It begins with puberty, a time of rapid growth & sexual development.

A

adolescence (11-20)

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30
Q

They develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, develop moral philosophies , & establish & maintain satisfying relationships.

A

adolescence (11-20)

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31
Q

They develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, develop moral philosophies , & establish & maintain satisfying relationships.

A

adolescence (11-20)

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32
Q

Is the time where individuals establish personal & economic independence

A

early adulthood (20-40)

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33
Q

Choices concerning marriage & family as well as career decisions are often made during this stage.

A

early adulthood (20-40)

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34
Q

The period where adults develop a genuine concern for the welfare of future generations

A

middle adulthood (40-60)

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35
Q

They contribute to the world through family and work.

A

middle adulthood (40-60)

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36
Q

What are the 7 major task listed havighurst

A
  1. Physiological adjustment
  2. occupational satisfaction
  3. looking after aging parents
  4. effective guidance of teams
  5. socio-civic achievement
  6. strong matrimonial relationship
  7. leisure activity
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37
Q

A time of adjustment to decreasing strength & health, life review, retirement, & adjustment to new social roles.

A

late adulthood (60s onwards)

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38
Q

what are the aspects of development

A
  1. Anatomical
  2. Physiological
  3. Behavioral
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39
Q

what are the types of change in development

A
  1. change in size
  2. change in proportion
  3. disappearance of old features
  4. acquisition of new features
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40
Q

what are the types of change in development

A
  1. change in size
  2. change in proportion
  3. disappearance of old features
  4. acquisition of new features
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41
Q

what are the other forms of development

A
  1. motor development
  2. emotional development
  3. cognitive development
42
Q

Refers to the stages of motor skills that all infants pass through as they acquire the muscular control necessary for making coordinated movements

A

motor development

43
Q

States that parts closer to the center of the infant’s body develop before parts farther away

A

proximodistal principle

44
Q

proximo means

A

near

45
Q

distal means

A

far

46
Q

States that parts of the body closer to the head develop before parts closer to the feet

A

cephalocaudal principle

47
Q

cephalo means

A

head

48
Q

caudal means

A

tail

49
Q

what are the 2 principle under motor development

A
  1. proximodistal principle
  2. cephalocaudal principle
50
Q

Is an interaction between temperament (nature) and positive or negative environmental feedback (nurture), which children receive as they explore their worlds.

A

emotional development

51
Q

refers to the individual differences in attention, arousal, and reactivity to new or novel situations

A

temperament

52
Q

Refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of his or her world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learned factors.

A

cognitive development

53
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive Development

54
Q

a process by which a child uses old methods of experiences to deal with new situations

A

assimilation

55
Q

a process by which a child changes old methods to deal with or adjust to new situations

A

accommodation

56
Q

stages of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor stage (from birth to age 2)
  2. Preoperational Stage (2-7)
  3. concrete operational stage (7-11)
  4. formal operations stage (12-adulthood)
57
Q

In this stage, infants interact with and learn about their environment by relating their sensory experiences to their motor actions

A

sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)

58
Q

the awareness that objects continue to exist even of they can no longer be heard, touched, or seen

A

object permanence

59
Q

object permanence is under

A

sensorimotor stage

60
Q

Children use symbols such as words or mental images to solve simple problems, & to think or talk about things that are not present.

A

preoperational stage (2-7)

61
Q

refers to the fact that even though the shape of some object or substance is changed, the total amount remains the same and engaging in egocentric thinking.

A

conservation

62
Q

refers to seeing & thinking of the world only from their own viewpoint and having difficulty appreciating someone else’s viewpoint

A

egocentric thinking

63
Q

conservation and egocentric thinking belongs to

A

preoperational stage

64
Q

Can perform a number of logical operations on concrete objects.

A

concrete operational stage (7-11)

65
Q

the ability to figure out relationships between objects provided the objects are physically present or “concrete”

A

classification

66
Q

classification belong to

A

concrete operational stage (7-11)

67
Q

Adolescence & adults develop the ability to think about & solve abstract problems in a logical manner

A

formal operations stage (12-adulthood)

68
Q

who developed moral development

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

69
Q

The primary consideration at this level is the consequence of the act to the self.

A

pre-conventional morality

70
Q

Moral decisions are egocentric; behaviors are motivated by self- interest, avoidance of punishment, or the attainment of rewards

A

pre-conventional morality

71
Q

stages of pre-conventional morality

A
  1. stage 1: punishment and obedience
  2. stage 2: individualism and exchange
72
Q

At this stage children obey rules established by authorities and see them fixed and absolute.

A

stage 1: punishment and obedience

73
Q

Obeying rules is important because it it’s a means to avoid punishment.

A

stage 1: punishment and obedience

74
Q

A stage of moral development where children for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs

A

stage 2: individualism and exchange

75
Q

Conforming to social norms & maintaining the social order become central to a child’s reasoning at this stage.

A

conventional morality

76
Q

Moral reasoning at this stage becomes socio- centric.

A

conventional morality

77
Q

what are the stages under conventional morality

A

stage 3: interpersonal relationships
stage 4: maintaining social order

78
Q

Referred to as the “good boy-good girl” orientation where moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles.

A

stage 3: interpersonal relationships

79
Q

They make moral decisions on the basis of what please others.

A

stage 3: interpersonal relationships

80
Q

The stage where individuals start to consider society as a whole when making judgements.

A

stage 4: maintaining social order

81
Q

The emphasis is on obeying laws so that social order is maintained.

A

stage 4: maintaining social order

82
Q

Considered the highest level of moral development.

A

post-conventional morality

83
Q

Moral judgement is based on the universal principles of justice, equality, & human dignity

A

post-conventional morality

84
Q

The individual abides by self chosen principles

A

post-conventional morality

85
Q

what are the stages under post-conventional morality

A

stage 5: social contract & individual rights
stage 6: universal principles

86
Q

At this stage, people begin to account for the differing values, opinions, & beliefs of other people.

A

stage 5: social contract & individual rights

87
Q

Is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning; people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws & rules.

A

stage 6: universal principles

88
Q

0 to 18 months, give the stage and erogenous zone

A

oral

mouth/sucking, biting, chewing

89
Q

18 to 36 m o n t h s (stage and erogenous zone)

A

anal

anus/bowel and bladder control

90
Q

3 to 6 years (stage & erogenous zone)

A

phallic

genitals/masturbation

91
Q

6 years to puberty (stage and erogenous zone)

A

latency

repression of sexual feelings

92
Q

puberty+ (stage and erogenous zone)

A

genital

maturation of sexual orientation

93
Q

Means finding reasonable explanations for unreasonable or unacceptable behavior to make them sound logical & acceptable or putting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for one’s perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality

A

rationalism

94
Q

Is done when a person refused to accept the reality or fact, acting as thought or feeling did not exist.

A

denial

95
Q

Is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and impulse.

A

repression

96
Q

means attributing one’s own undesired thoughts, feelings, or impulses to another person who does not have those thoughts, feelings, or impulses.

A

projection

97
Q

Refers to a denial and reversal of one’s feelings

A

reaction formation

98
Q

Is the channelling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts, and emotions into more acceptable ones

A

sublimation

99
Q

Is the channelling of energy away from one person or object to an alternative

A

displacement

100
Q

what are the defense mechanisms

A
  1. rationalization
  2. denial
  3. repression
  4. projection
  5. reaction formation
  6. sublimation
  7. displacement

Psych 151 (13 decks)

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