1 Nature and Scope of Psychology Flashcards
come from the root word psyche
mind
formally defined as a scientific study of behavioral and mental processes
Psychology
What is Overt
Seen
What is Covert
Hidden
What is Rational
Think Over
What is Irrational
Emotion Overflows
What is conscious
Awareness
What is unconscious
less aware
what is simple
one or two way that works for you
Goals
describe, explain, control and predict
What are the school of thoughts?
Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Approach, Psychoanalytic Approach
It is the study of conscious experience
Structuralism
He founded psychology as an academic discipline in 1979
Wilhelm Wundt
He establish the 1st psychology laboratory in the university of Leipzig, germany
Wilhelm Wundt
THE STUDY OF THE MOST BASIC ELEMENTS, PRIMARILY SENSATIONS & PERCEPTIONS THAT MAKE UP OUR CONSCIOUS MENTAL EXPERIENCES.
Structuralism
thought to be the necessary tool
introspection
It is the functions of the mind
Functionalism
HE VIEWED MENTAL ACTIVITIES AS HAVING DEVELOPED THROUGH AGES OF EVOLUTION.
William James
HE PUBLISHED THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY
William James
THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTION RATHER THAN THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
Functionalism
THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTION RATHER THAN THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
Functionalism
Observable Behaviors
Behaviorism
HE REJECTED THE VIEW OF FUNCTIONALISM & STRUCTURALISM BY HIS BOOK ENTITLED “PSYCHOLOGY AS A BEHAVIORIST VIEWS IT”
John B. Watson
HE SUPPORTEDBEHAVIORISM &
POPULARIZED THIS APPROACH
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
FOCUSED ON HOW OBSERVABLE RESPONSES ARE LEARNED, MODIFIED, OR FORGOTTEN.
Stimulus Response Psychology
HIS THEORIES & METHODS PERMEATED PSYCHOLOGY HAVE BECOME POPULAR ESP. HIS TECHNIQUES ON REINFORCEMENT & CONTROLLING THE CONSEQUENCES THAT FOLLOW BEHAVIOR.
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
THIS APPROACH STRESSED THE IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING & THE ENVIRONMENT.
Stimulus Response Psychology
Who are associated in the Gestalt Approach
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka
AN APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY THAT FOCUSES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF PERCEPTION & THINKING IN A “WHOLE” SENSE RATHER THAN IN THE INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OF PERCEPTION.
Gestalt Approach
it means form or configuration
gestalt
HE DEVELOPED THIS APPROACH IN VIENNA, AUSTRIA.
Sigmund Freud
IT BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATER PERSONALITY TRAITS & PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.
Psychoanalytic Approach
This Emphasized the influence of unconscious fears, desires, & motivations on thoughts & behaviors.
Psychoanalytic Approach
What are the Contemporary Approaches in Understanding Behavior
Cognitive Approach, Biological or Behavioral Neuroscience Approach, Humanistic Approach, Sociocultural Approach, Evolutionary Psychology Approach
IT IS CONCERNED WITH MENTAL PROCESSES SUCH AS PERCEIVING, REMEMBERING, REASONING, DECIDING, & PROBLEM SOLVING.
Cognitive Approach
EMPHASIZE ON FREE WILL
THIS APPROACH ASSUMES THAT PEOPLE HAVE THE ABILITY TO MAKE THEIR OWN CHOICES
Humanistic Approach
Who are associated in the Humanistic Approach?
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
THIS STUDIES THE WAYS BY WHICH SOCIAL & CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCE BEHAVIORS.
Sociocultural Approach
STRESSES THE IMPORTANCE OF ADAPTATION, REPRODUCTION, & SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST IN EXPLAINING BEHAVIOR.
Evolutionary Approach
What are the Models of Studying Behavior?
Introspection Method, Historical Method, Descriptive Method, Experimental Method, Quasi-Experimental Design
It is introduced by St. Augustine
Introspection
A METHOD OF MENTAL SELF-ANALYSIS WHEREIN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHER RECORDS HIS OWN FEELINGS& EXPERIENCES, ANALYZES, & LATER INTERPRETS THEM.
Introspection Method
IT DEALS WITH THE PAST RECORDED DATA OF AN INDIVIDUAL OR PHENOMENON.
Historical Method
What are the subtypes of historical method
Daybook method, biographical method, autobiographical method, cumulative record, anecdotal record
REFERS TO THE DAILY ACTIVITIES OF THE OBSERVED INDIVIDUAL STARTING FROM DAY 1 TO PRESENT.
Daybook Method
IS DONE BY ANALYZING THE RECORDSAND DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO THE INDIVIDUAL OR EVENT BEING INVESTIGATED
Biographical Method
IS THE CAREFUL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUAL BEING INVESTIGATED
Autobiographical Method
REFERS TO THE GATHERED DATA/INFORMATION ON THE STUDENT’S PERSONAL & ACADEMIC BACKGROUNDS
Cumulative Record
CONSTITUTE THE DESCRIPTIONS OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S UNUSUAL OR UNEXPECTED BEHAVIOR IN A GIVEN SITUATION OR EVENTS
Anecdotal Record
IS DONE BY DESCRIBING THE RESPONDENT’S BEHAVIOR OR PHENOMENA WITHOUT INTERFERING WITH THE BEHAVIOR ITSELF,
Descriptive Method
What re the essentials of understanding psychology
archival research, naturalistic observation, survey, case-study
IS DONE TROUGH EXAMINATION OF EXISTING DATA.
Archival Research
IT IS SIMPLY BY OBSERVING SOME NATURALLY OCCURRING BEHAVIOR & DOES NOT MAKE A CHANGE IN THE SITUATION.
Naturalistic Observation
IT IS A WAY TO OBTAIN INFORMATION BY ASKING PEOPLE ABOUT A PARTICULAR SUBJECT OR EVENT.
SURVEY
AN IN-DEPTH, INTENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL OR A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE.
Case-study
A RESEARCH APPROACH THAT USES EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES & DEPENDENT VARIABLES.
Experimental Method
IT IS USED TO DEMONSTRATE BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUBJECTS.
Quasi-Experimental Design
IT IS A SPECIALTY WHICH DEALS WITH THE DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT OF EMOTIONAL & BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS.
Clinical Psychology
IT IS CONCERNED WITH PERSONAL ISSUES.
Counseling Psychology
DEALS WITH THE APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES & RESEARCH METHODS IN THE WORKPLACE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY, SERVICE, & QUALITY OF WORK LIFE.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
INVOLVES THE STUDY F PSYCHOLOGICAL, COGNITIVE, & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT & THE FACTORS THAT SHAPE BEHAVIOR FROM BIRTH TO OLD AGE.
Developmental Psychology
FOCUSES ON HOW PEOPLE THINK, INFLUENCE, & RELATE WITH ONE ANOTHER, & ON THE WAYS INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER PEOPLE INFLUENCE ATTITUDES & BEHAVIORS.
Social Psychology
EMPLOYS BEHAVIORAL & COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES AS WELL AS THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD IN STUDYING HOW PEOPLE REACT TO SENSORY STIMULI, PERCEIVE THE WORLD, LEARN, REMEMBER, & RESPOND.
Experimental Psychology
DEALS WITH THE EVALUATION OF LEARNING & EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS IN THE ACADEME.
School & Educational Psychology
CONCERNED WITH THE MOTIVATION, PERCEPTION, LEARNING, & DECISION- MAKING OF CONSUMERS.
Consumer Psychology
REFERS TO THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE & MACHINES ARE RELATED & HOW TO IMPROVE THIS RELATIONSHIP
Engineering Psychology
DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE PHYSICAL, TEMPORAL, & SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF WORK ON THE WORKER.
Environmental Psychology
APPLIES PSYCHOLOGY TO THE LAW & LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
Forensic Psychology
APPLIES THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTH & ILLNESS.
Health Psychology
THE STUDY OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF VIOLENCE, SOCIAL INEQUALITIES, PEACE MAKING, & THE PURSUIT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE.
Peace Psychology
THE STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES & THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY THEORIES & TESTS FOR ASSESSING PERSONALITY TRAITS
Personality Psychology
STUDIES THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON POLITICAL BEHAVIOR & THE EFFECT OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM N THE THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, & MOTIVES OF INDIVIDUALS
Political Psychology
EMPHASIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF PROMOTING RESEARCH ON WOMEN
Psychology of Women
APPLIES THEORIES AND KNOWLEDGE IN PSYCHOLOGY TO ENHANCE THE PERFORMANCE OF ATHLETES & COACHES
Sports Psychology
he is a Russian physiologist best known in psychology for his discovery of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
