2 Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards
The study of biological bases of human behavior
Biopsychology
They use drugs for treating those with psychological & physical disorders.
Biopsychologist
Is the system by means of which we perceive, adapt to, & interact with the world around us.
Nervous System
Is made up of brain
& the spinal cord.
- Made up of neurons located in the brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System
Made up of neurons & bundles of axons & dendrites that carry information back & forth between the brain & the body.
Spinal Cord
What are the division of the nervous system?
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
Includes all the nerves that extend from the spinal cord & carry messages to various muscles, glands, & sense organs located throughout the body.
Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of a network of nerves that connect either to sensory receptors or to muscles that you can move voluntarily.
Somatic Nervous System
Regulates heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, digestion, hormone secretion, & other functions
Autonomic Nervous System
Subdivisions of the PNS
- Somatic Nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Subdivision of ANS
- Sympathetic Division
- Parasympathetic Division
Which is triggered by threatening or challenging physical or psychological stimuli, increasing physiological arousal, & preparing the body for action.
Sympathetic division
Returns the body to a calmer, relaxed state & is involved in digestion
parasympathetic divison
Sympathetic actions
fight or flight
parasympathetic action
rest and digest
Are string like bundles of axons & dendrites that come from the spinal cord & are held together by connective tissue.
nerves
which number about 100 billion, have two specialized extensions: receiving electrical signals; & transmitting electrical signals
neurons
the most numerous brain cells about 900billion
glial cells
is a relatively large, egg-shaped structure that provides fuel, manufactures chemicals, & maintains the entire neuron in working order
cell body
are branchlike extensions that arise from the cell body& insulates an axon
dendrites
is a single threadlike structure that extends & carries signals away from the cell body to neighbouring neurons, organs, & muscles.
axon
looks like separate tube-like segments composed of fatty material that wraps around
Myelin Sheath
Look likes tiny bubbles, are located at the extreme ends of the axon’s branches.
end bulb/ axon terminal buttons
Is an infinitely small space (20-30 billions of a meter) that exists between an end bulb & its adjacent body organ (heart), muscles (head), or cell body.
synapse
are sensory neurons that carry information from the senses to the brain and spinal cord
Afferent neurons
are motor neurons which carry information away from the brain & spinal cord to produce responses in various muscles & organs throughout the body.
efferent neurons
is a relatively short neuron whose primary task is to connect neurons together.
interneuron
Types of neurons
- afferent neuron
- efferent neuron
- interneuron
is the organ in
our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions, & motivations
brain
is the largest part of the brain
- It uses information from our senses to tell us what is going on around us & tells our body how to respond
forebrain
– makes connections with the hindbrain and forebrain and alerts the forebrain to incoming sensation.
– It also involved in visual & auditory reflexes such as automatically turning your head towards a noise.
midbrain
– functions as a bridge to interconnect messages between the spinal cord & the brain.
pons
– It also makes chemicals involved in sleep.
pons
is located at the top of the spinal cord.
medulla
It includes a group f cell that controls vital reflexes such as respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure
medulla
is located at the very back & underneath the brain.
cerebellum
It also involved in coordinating movements, but not in initiating voluntary movements.
cerebellum
a thin layer of cells that essentially covers the entire surface of the forebrain
cortex
the largest area of the brain.
cerebrum
Is concerned with all higher mental functions such as learning & memory, speaking & language, emotional responses, experiencing sensations, initiating voluntary movements, planning & decision making.
cerebrum
located at the front art o the brain.
frontal lobe
major parts of the brain
- forebrain
- midbrain
- hindbrain
3 parts of hindbrain
- pons
- medulla
- cerebellum
functions of frontal lobe
▪ Performing voluntary motor movements
▪ Interpreting & performing emotional behaviors
▪ Behaving normally in social situations
▪ Maintaining a healthy personality
▪ Paying attention to things in the environment
▪ Making decisions
▪ Executing plans
– directly located behind the frontal lobe
parietal lobe
– Is involved in processing sensory information from body parts
parietal lobe
functions of parietal lobe
▪ Touching
▪ Locating positions of limbs
▪ Feeling temperature & pain
▪ Carrying out several cognitive functions such as attending to & perceiving objects
– located at the very back of the brain.
occipital lobe
functions of occipital lobe
Seeing colors
Perceiving & recognizing objects, animals, & people
– located directly below the parietal lobe
temporal lobe
functions of temporal lobe
▪ Hearing
▪ Speaking coherently
▪ Understanding verbal & written material
The control centers: 4 lobes
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
Refers to a group of about half a dozen interconnected structures that make up the core of the forebrain.
limbic system
the master control for many emotional responses.
hypothalamus
functions of hypothalamus
❖Regulates many motivational behaviors:
▪ Eating
▪ Drinking
▪ Sexual responses
❖Emotional behaviors
▪ arousing the body when fighting or fleeing
▪ Secretion of hormones
located at the tip of the temporal lobe
amygdala
functions of amygdala
▪ Forming
▪ Recognizing
▪ Remembering emotional experiences
▪ Emotional facial expressions
Functions of Thalamus
▪ Receiving sensor information
▪ Doing some initial processing
▪ Relaying the sensory information to areas of the cortex
– is a curve structure inside the temporal lobe
Hippocampus
Functions of Hippocampus
▪ Saying many kinds of fleeting memories by putting them into permanent storage in various parts of the brain
Is made up of numerous glands that are located throughout the body.
The Endocrine System
Parts of Limbic System
- Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Thalamus
- Hippocampus
is the key component of endocrine system.
Pituitary Gland
regulates water & salt balance
Posterior pituitary (back)
regulates growth throughout secretion of growth hormone & produces hormones that control the adrenal cortex, pancreas, thyroid, & gonads.
Anterior pituitary (front)
regulates the level of sugar in the bloodstream by secreting insulin.
pancreas
– located in the
neck.
thyroid
– Regulates metabolism through secretion of hormones
Thyroid
– secretes hormones that regulate sugar & salt balances & help the body resist stress, & is responsible for the growth of pubic hair.
Adrenal cortex (outside part)
secretes two hormones that arouse the body to deal with stress & emergencies
adrenal medulla (inside part)
what are the adrenal glands
- adrenal cortex (outside part)
- adrenal medulla (inside part)
which the ovaries produce hormone that regulate sexual development, ovulation, & growth of the sex organs
females
the testes produce hormones that regulate sexual development, production of sperm, & growth of sex organs.
males
what are the gonads
females and males
constricts pupil
parasympathetic
stimulates salivation
parasympathetic
inhibits heart
parasympathetic
constricts bronchi
parasympathetic
stimulates digestive activity
parasympathetic
stimulates gallbladder
parasympathetic
contracts bladder
parasympathetic
relaxes rectum
parasympathetic
dilates pupil
sympathetic
inhibits salivation
sympathetic
relaxes bronchi
sympathetic
accelerates heart
sympathetic
inhibits digestive activity
sympathetic
stimulates glucose release by the liver
sympathetic
secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from kidney
sympathetic
relaxes bladder
sympathetic
contracts rectum
sympathetic
what are the two specialized extensions of neurons
- receiving electrical signals
- transmitting electrical signals
part of the neuron that transmits
axon terminals
part of the neuron that insulates fatty layer that speeds transmission
myelin sheath
it is the conducting fiber
axon
they make the myelin
Schwann’s cells
part of a neuron that is the receiver
dendrites
the forebrain is composed of
- cerebral cortex
- limbic system
executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioral control, personality
frontal lobe
movement
motor cortex
sensations
sensory cortex
perception, making sense to the world, arithmetic, spelling
parietal lobe
vision
occipital lobe
memory, understanding, language
temporal lobe
