6.1 - Emergence And Evolution Of Modern Sport

Question 1

who’s mob football for and why?

Answer 1

get ball from one end of village to other

- extremely violent and destructive, rules were simple and easy to understand, so it was for the lower class

Question 2

who’s cock fighting for and why?

Answer 2

upper class as they gambled over which cock would win

Question 3

what classes were people divided into in preindustrial Britain?

Answer 3

• upper class - aristocracy/gentry

- lower class - peasants that worked manually

Question 4

activities for upper classes and why

Answer 4

real tennis + fox hunting

• sophisticated rules required an education
• cost of equipment/facilities required high disposable income

Question 5

pre industrial activities for both

Answer 5

pedestrianism - lower class ‘footman’ run and upper class ‘patrons’ bet on who wins
cricket - batters = upper, bowling + fielding = lower

Question 6

pre-industrial women sport

Answer 6

lower class - smock races

upper class - archery

Question 7

law and order in pre-industrial Britain

Answer 7

little to none - bare knuckled fighting would happen

Question 8

availability of time in pre-industrial Britain

Answer 8

lower class work long, hard hours - no time for recreation
upper classes have time for recreational activities

Question 9

availability of transport in pre-industrial Britain

Answer 9

upper classes had horses and cart = go further

lower class = foot

Question 10

what happened to classes in post 1850 Britain?

Answer 10

middle class was formed, who had more time and money than before to be involved In sports - many went to public schools

Question 11

amateurism and professionalism

Answer 11

lower/middle become professionals, eg Saturday 3:00 and paid (broken time payments)

but upper class are amateurs and frowned upon people being paid for sport and not playing for love of the game

Question 12

women sports in post industrial britain

Answer 12

lawn tennis - low physical exertion, weaker sex, plus had to be ladylike and modest, eg wearing long dresses

Question 13

Forster act in 1870 gave birth to?

Answer 13

modern system of education in England - national system of state education

Question 14

working hours decreased in mid 1900s as

Answer 14

owners recognised importance of sport, so more time for sport and leisure for fitter labourers

Question 15

transport in post industrial Britain?

Answer 15

railways, roads allowed for away fixtures and codification of sport across cities

eg, railway effect on horse racing (big)`

Question 16

influence of public schools

Answer 16

• most middle class went to these and influential in developing/ governing sport
• started off with male
• Thomas Arnold stopped fagging system and promoted regulated sports which provided an energy outlet, and healthy competition
• Arnold established a link between sports and moral/ethical character

Question 17

when and where was football originally codified?

Answer 17

1845, by rugby school

Question 18

define muscular Christianity

Answer 18

belief that links sport with being a Christian gentlemen, shown through sense of playing with patriots duty by playing sport with discipline and sense of manliness

Question 19

developments during twentieth century Britain?

Answer 19

• tech/science developments
• wealth increased, but still unequal
• urbanisation
• more time for leisure and sport
• spectatorism
• codification due to tv boom
• social class changes

Question 20

butler act + education reform act

Answer 20

1944 + 1988, emphasised importance of physical development along with moral, cultural and mental

Question 21

what happened to time, money, transport, land in 1950+

Answer 21

more time and money, but less land

- transport more widely available for everyone = more spectators and players internationally

Question 22

Between 1850-1900 social class changes

Answer 22

• stronger class division - 3 classes - intro of middle class
• middle class had more time, money and went to public schools
• middle class played an important role in developing sport

Question 23

Between 1850-1900 gender changes

Answer 23

• role restricted by place in society and limited opportunities - housewives
• late 19th century status change - assumption that women should marry was compromised - more women in sport
• Taunton royal commissions report 1868, changed education for women

Question 24

Between 1850-1900 education changes

Answer 24

• working class had little interest in education, child labour
• education linked to sports, sports more sophisticated and more understanding of rules
• lower classes engaged with activities associated with public house and waging on horse racing
• 1870 Forster act
• 1881 education act - free elementary schools
  Overall: education became more accessible to working class so they could now understand rules in sport

Question 25

Between 1850-1900 law and order changes

Answer 25

• more defined laws and sense of order
• decline of blood sports
• upper classes held onto their sports
• law makers were middle and upper to support their sports

Question 26

Between 1850-1900 availability of time changes

Answer 26

• factory owners realised sport could help worlders keep healthy & loyal - encouraged the formation of work teams
• introduction of Saturday half days and shorter working hours

Question 27

Between 1850-1900 availability of money changes

Answer 27

• lack of disposable income

- larger factory owners pay for annual excursions to beach

Question 28

Between 1850-1900 availability of transport changes

Answer 28

• development of roads, bike, railway and motor car enabled good communication and travel
• rivers and canals
• railways important - allowed sporting fixtures to be played further away and spectators able to visit venues around country
• cars mass produced - most households had one

Question 29

Between 1850-1900 amateurism & professionalism changes

Answer 29

- cricket - played in same team, social distinction preserved through different changing rooms, lower class, professionals had to bowl and clean kit
Rugby + Soccer - professionalism was controversial, as upper class amateurs looked down upon the lower class professionals for not playing the sport for the love it and getting paid for it

Question 30

Between 1850-1900 public schools changes

Answer 30

• public schools were influential in developing rules and NBG’s of sports activities
• initially only exclusive to upper class males; travel and tuition fees
• at the start of 1800s organised sport wasn’t a feature of public schools
• Thomas Arnold, head at rugby school promoted regular sports and developed house system to abolish the fagging system
• idea of muscular Christianity developed
• FA formed in 1863 using Cambridge rules