4.5 - Stages of Learning, Guidance and Feedback Flashcards
Stage 1: the cognitive stage
- performer understands what needs to be done
- lot of trial and error
- successful attempt can be reinforced by performer experiencing success and praise
eg, coach demonstrates serve and highlights important parts (cueing) so that player develops mental picture
stage 2: the associative stage
- performer practices and compares moves with mental image
- learners becomes more aware of increasingly subtle and complex cues
- vast increase in performance
eg, Badminton serve more consistent and falling in box more, but still some mistakes but performer can detect and correct own errors
stage 3: autonomous stage
- movements almost automatic
- distractions ignored
- motor programme are completely formed in LTM and reacting time is short
eg, badminton serve confident and consistent with accurate serve, now can use more sophisticated strategies of serve
advantages of verbal guidance
- form of feedback which can be used to reinforce good movements and identify and correct errors
- can be used to hold attention of performer and used to motivate performer
- useful for all stages of learning
- on the spot assistance
more for advanced learners - associative/autonomous
disadvantage of verbal guidance
- can lead to information overload
- guidance could be inaccurate and performer may not develop skills effectively, eg, dependent on coach’s ability to express necessary information
- can be boring and lengthy
advantages of visual guidance
- performer can find it easy to create a mental picture of what is required in a skill by watching visual
- enable skill to be seen in different stages = better understanding of skill = easier to learn
- encourages observational learning by cueing
disadvantages of visual guidance
- demo could be incorrect and performer could learn bad habits
- coach may not be able to show accurate demo
- visual rep may be unclear or skill production too quick for performer to follow effectively
- some images can be static, giving little information about movements
two factors of manual/mechanical guidance
- physical support through device - physical restriction, eg, supporting gymnast over vault with use of twisting belt
- directed physically by another person - forced response, eg, holding arm of golfer and forcing arms through the movement
advantages of mechanical/ manual guidance
- give performer greater sense of safety and reduce fear in dangerous situations
- isolate part of a skill to practise as a separate sub routine
- builds confidence
- helps develop new or complex movements
disadvantages of mechanical/ manual guidance
- can be over restrictive for performer, who feels lack of control over movement
- can lead to false sense of kinaesthesis
- performer may become reliant on the support
- limited use in fast/ complex movements
- limited in group situations
define internal/ intrinsic feedback
type of continuous feedback that comes from the proprioreceptors about the feel of the movement
Eg, performer physically feels they hit the sweet spot of a tennis racket
what are proprioreceptors?
nerve receptors found in muscles, ligaments and joints that pick up movement info
advantages of intrinsic feedbacki
- feedback can be collected immediately
- no reliance on others
- depending on experience of performer, can be interpreted correctly and lead to improved performance
- improves kinaesthetic awareness
- useful for elite athletes to use as they rely less on external feedback
disadvantages of intrinsic feedback
- if performers in cognitive stage, feedback may not be accurate/ or unable to interpret feedback
advantages of extrinsic feedback
coach can give tips the may lead to implements, as long as info is accurate and relevant
disadvantages of extrinsic feedback
- inaccurate feedback can affect performance negatively and result in negative transfer
- does not encourage as much kinaesthetic awareness as intrinsic
advantages of positive feedback
lead to positive reinforcement and enable correct SR bond to be formed
- motivating for cognitive learners
- bid self esteem and confidence in performer
- increases self efficacy
disadvantages of positive feedback
- if undeserved, performer may develop inaccurate SR bonds and performance deteriorates
advantages of negative feedback
- some motivated by it = more determined
- clear in which aspect of skill requires improvement
used for autonomous learners
disadvantages of negative feedback
- can be demotivating esp. if in cognitive stage
- can be detrimental if feedback is unfounded or inaccurate
any feedback given should involve:
- limited amount of information (specific too)
- immediacy - feedback given as soon as possible after performance for quick relation to memory store
- related to individual -
- facilitating intrinsic feedback/kinaesthesis
Define extrinsic feedback
Information from an external source to the performer/the environment
Eg, coach telling performer they hit the ball correctly
Define positive feedback
- information about successful outcome, which reinforced skill learning
- more complex terminology for expert
Eg, praising successful lay up
advantages of knowledge of performance
helps to identify the finer details of an action, and explain the effect that they have on performance
disadvantages of KoP
can provide too much information for a learner
can also not allow the learner to appreciate a whole feel for a movement
advantages of KoR
easy to identify progression in performance, and if successful can improve task persistence
disadvantages of KoR
- overuse can lead to reduced performance enjoyment
- it can does not explain why a performance was successful or unsuccessful, which may make it harder to replicate a successful performance.
