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PE > 1.1 - Skeletal And Muscular Systems > Flashcards

1.1 - Skeletal And Muscular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeleton? (5)

A 
Protection
Blood cell production
Mineral storage 
Movement 
Support
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2
Q

Ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

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3
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Reduces friction and nourishes articulated cartilage

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4
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

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5
Q

Joint capsule

A

Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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6
Q

Bursa

A

Reduces friction between bones

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7
Q

What do the size and shape of articulating bones at a joint tell us?

A

Range of motion possible at a joint

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8
Q

Sagittal plane characteristics + example

A

Splits body into Sides
Allows flexion and extension
Along transverse axis
Eg. Running action at hip joint

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9
Q

Frontal plane characteristics + example

A

Splits body into Front and back
Allows for adduction and abduction
Along sagittal axis
Eg. Breaststroke action at shoulder

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10
Q

Transverse plane characteristics + example

A

Splits body into Top and bottom
Allows for horizontal flexion, horizontal extension and rotation
Along longitudinal axis
Eg. Discus throw at shoulder joint

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11
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone

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12
Q

Origin + example

A

Point of muscular attachment to stationary bone which states relatively fixed.
Eg. Biceps brachii on scapula during arm curl

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13
Q

Insertion + example

A

Point of muscular attachment on moveable bone, which gets closer to origin dyeing contraction
Eg. Biceps Brachii on radius during arm curl

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14
Q

Fixable definition

A

A muscles that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement

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15
Q

What muscle causes flexion at the hip?

A

Ilipsoas

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16
Q

What causes flexion and extension at the wrist?

A

Wrist flexors and wrist extensors

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17
Q

Medial rotation + agonists + example

A

Internal rotation
Teres major and subscapularis

Forehand top spin follow through of tennis player

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18
Q

Lateral rotation + agonists + example

A

External rotation
Teres minor and infraspinatus

Eg, backhand top spin follow through of a table tennis player

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19
Q

Skeletal muscles can only contract when…

A

Stimulated by an electrical impulse sent from CNS

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20
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Specialised cells which transmit nerve impulses rapidly to a group of muscle fibres

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21
Q

Motor unit definition

A

Motor neurone and the muscle fibres it’s connected to

22
Q

What does sending a nerve impulse require?

A

A nerve action potential

23
Q

All or none law (6 marks)

A
  • point where axons motor ends and fibres meet = neuromuscular junction
  • small gap between the two called the synaptic cleft
  • cannot cross the synaptic cleft w/o neurotransmitter called acetylcholine(ach)
  • ach secreted into the cleft to help impulse cross the gap
  • but only if there is enough of it +if electric charge is above a threshold
  • when motor unit receives stimulus and creates action potential that reaches the threshold, all muscle fibres contract at maximum output at the same time.
24
Q

3 types of muscle fibre?

A 
Slow oxidative (type 1)
Fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a)
Fast glycolytic (type 2b)
25
Q

Characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibres (3) + example of sport

A
  • designed to store oxygen in myoglobin + process oxygen in mitochondria
  • aerobic muscles work
  • produce small amounts of force, but resist fatigue
    Eg. Endurance athletes -> Marathon runner, triathlon
26
Q

Characteristics of type 2a fibres + example of sport

A
  • designed to produce large amounts of force + decent capacity to resist fatigue
  • high intensity athletes -> 800-1500m run
  • large stores of phosphocreatine to help maintain good anaerobic capacity
  • large neutrons to innervate many muscle fibres at once
27
Q

Characteristics of type 2b fibres + example of sport

A
  • designed to work anaerobically, large stores of phosphocreatine for rapid energy production + large amounts of force
    Eg. Explosive athletes -> 100m sprint, javelin, long jump
28
Q

Small motor neurones stimulate for… + example

A

Few small muscle fibres = motor unit that produces small and slow amounts force over a long period of time
Eg. Maintenance of posture

29
Q

Large motor neurone stimulate for… + example

A
  • large fibres = motor unit that produces large forces rapidly, but fatigue quickly
    Eg. Jumping
30
Q

Work:relief ratio for aerobic training and why

A

1:1 or 1:0.5 to maximise use of slow oxidative use

Fibre damage not associated with aerobic activity, so aerobic can be done daily

31
Q

Maximal weight training work:relief ratio and why

A

1: 3
- fast glycolytic fibres thought to be recruited only in the final 2-20 seconds of contraction and when nearing muscle exhaustion
- require 48 hours rest before using muscle group again

32
Q

Horizontal extension definition

A

Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground

33
Q

Horizontal flexion definition

A

Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground

34
Q

Rotation definition

A

Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action

35
Q

Action potential definition

A

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

36
Q

Phosphocreatine definition

A

A high energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel for very high intensity energy production

37
Q

Myoglobin function

A

A protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria

38
Q

Role of dendrites

A

Dendrites collect signals

39
Q

More characteristics of type 1

A

High oxidative capacity
Low glycolytic capacity
Slow contraction time
High capillary density

40
Q

More characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres(2a)

A
  • moderate mitochondrial + myoglobin density
    Results in only moderate fatigue resistance and aerobic capacity
  • medium capillary density + resistance to fatigue
  • fast contraction time + high force production
41
Q

More characteristics of type 2b

A

Low oxidative capacity + low capillary density = low resistance to fatigue
Fastest contraction time + highest force
Suited for short anaerobic exercise

42
Q

Roles of the muscular system

A
  • Maintaining posture
  • constricting blood vessels
  • heat production
  • respiration
43
Q

Movements at joints

A

Saddle joints - Allows most movements, except rotation, e.g. between carpals and metacarpals
Gliding joints - limited movement but in all planes, eg between tarsals

44
Q

Movements at hip joint

A
  • iliopsoas: flexion
  • adductor brevis: addiction, lateral rotation
  • adductor longus: flexion, adduction, lateral rotation
  • adductor Magnus: flexion, adduction, lateral rotation
  • Gluteus minimus: abduction, medial rotation
  • gluteus medius: extension, abduction, medial rotation
  • gluteus maximum: extension, adduction, lateral rotation
45
Q

Muscles in quadriceps and hamstrings:

A

Quad: rectus remordis, vastus laterallis,intermedius, medialis
Ham: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

46
Q

flat bones

A

eg sternum, ribs, cranium

- protect internal organs + act as suitable points of muscular attachment

47
Q

long bones

A

eg. femur humerus, radius

act as levers for movement and act as sites for blood cell production

48
Q

irregular bones

A

eg, vertebrae - protect spinal cord

49
Q

short bones

A

carpals + tarsals

- bear weight well

50
Q

sesamoid bones

A

patella

ease joint movement and resist compression

51
Q

abduction definiton

A

moves articulating bone away from the midline of the body

52
Q

adduction définition

A

moves articulating bone closer to midlines of body

eg, shoulders during star jump

PE (18 decks)

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