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PE > 1.1 - Skeletal And Muscular Systems > Flashcards

1.1 - Skeletal And Muscular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeleton? (5)

A 
Protection
Blood cell production
Mineral storage 
Movement 
Support
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2
Q

Ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

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3
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Reduces friction and nourishes articulated cartilage

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4
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

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5
Q

Joint capsule

A

Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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6
Q

Bursa

A

Reduces friction between bones

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7
Q

What do the size and shape of articulating bones at a joint tell us?

A

Range of motion possible at a joint

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8
Q

Sagittal plane characteristics + example

A

Splits body into Sides
Allows flexion and extension
Along transverse axis
Eg. Running action at hip joint

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9
Q

Frontal plane characteristics + example

A

Splits body into Front and back
Allows for adduction and abduction
Along sagittal axis
Eg. Breaststroke action at shoulder

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10
Q

Transverse plane characteristics + example

A

Splits body into Top and bottom
Allows for horizontal flexion, horizontal extension and rotation
Along longitudinal axis
Eg. Discus throw at shoulder joint

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11
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone

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12
Q

Origin + example

A

Point of muscular attachment to stationary bone which states relatively fixed.
Eg. Biceps brachii on scapula during arm curl

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13
Q

Insertion + example

A

Point of muscular attachment on moveable bone, which gets closer to origin dyeing contraction
Eg. Biceps Brachii on radius during arm curl

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14
Q

Fixable definition

A

A muscles that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement

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15
Q

What muscle causes flexion at the hip?

A

Ilipsoas

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16
Q

What causes flexion and extension at the wrist?

A

Wrist flexors and wrist extensors

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17
Q

Medial rotation + agonists + example

A

Internal rotation
Teres major and subscapularis

Forehand top spin follow through of tennis player

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18
Q

Lateral rotation + agonists + example

A

External rotation
Teres minor and infraspinatus

Eg, backhand top spin follow through of a table tennis player

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19
Q

Skeletal muscles can only contract when…

A

Stimulated by an electrical impulse sent from CNS

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20
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Specialised cells which transmit nerve impulses rapidly to a group of muscle fibres

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21
Q

Motor unit definition

A

Motor neurone and the muscle fibres it’s connected to

22
Q

What does sending a nerve impulse require?

A

A nerve action potential

23
Q

All or none law (6 marks)

A
  • point where axons motor ends and fibres meet = neuromuscular junction
  • small gap between the two called the synaptic cleft
  • cannot cross the synaptic cleft w/o neurotransmitter called acetylcholine(ach)
  • ach secreted into the cleft to help impulse cross the gap
  • but only if there is enough of it +if electric charge is above a threshold
  • when motor unit receives stimulus and creates action potential that reaches the threshold, all muscle fibres contract at maximum output at the same time.
24
Q

3 types of muscle fibre?

A 
Slow oxidative (type 1)
Fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a)
Fast glycolytic (type 2b)
25
Characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibres (3) + example of sport
- designed to store oxygen in myoglobin + process oxygen in mitochondria - aerobic muscles work - produce small amounts of force, but resist fatigue Eg. Endurance athletes -> Marathon runner, triathlon
26
Characteristics of type 2a fibres + example of sport
- designed to produce large amounts of force + decent capacity to resist fatigue - high intensity athletes -> 800-1500m run - large stores of phosphocreatine to help maintain good anaerobic capacity - large neutrons to innervate many muscle fibres at once
27
Characteristics of type 2b fibres + example of sport
- designed to work anaerobically, large stores of phosphocreatine for rapid energy production + large amounts of force Eg. Explosive athletes -> 100m sprint, javelin, long jump
28
Small motor neurones stimulate for… + example
Few small muscle fibres = motor unit that produces small and slow amounts force over a long period of time Eg. Maintenance of posture
29
Large motor neurone stimulate for… + example
- large fibres = motor unit that produces large forces rapidly, but fatigue quickly Eg. Jumping
30
Work:relief ratio for aerobic training and why
1:1 or 1:0.5 to maximise use of slow oxidative use | Fibre damage not associated with aerobic activity, so aerobic can be done daily
31
Maximal weight training work:relief ratio and why
1: 3 - fast glycolytic fibres thought to be recruited only in the final 2-20 seconds of contraction and when nearing muscle exhaustion - require 48 hours rest before using muscle group again
32
Horizontal extension definition
Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground
33
Horizontal flexion definition
Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground
34
Rotation definition
Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action
35
Action potential definition
Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre
36
Phosphocreatine definition
A high energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel for very high intensity energy production
37
Myoglobin function
A protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria
38
Role of dendrites
Dendrites collect signals
39
More characteristics of type 1
High oxidative capacity Low glycolytic capacity Slow contraction time High capillary density
40
More characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres(2a)
- moderate mitochondrial + myoglobin density Results in only moderate fatigue resistance and aerobic capacity - medium capillary density + resistance to fatigue - fast contraction time + high force production
41
More characteristics of type 2b
Low oxidative capacity + low capillary density = low resistance to fatigue Fastest contraction time + highest force Suited for short anaerobic exercise
42
Roles of the muscular system
- Maintaining posture - constricting blood vessels - heat production - respiration
43
Movements at joints
Saddle joints - Allows most movements, except rotation, e.g. between carpals and metacarpals Gliding joints - limited movement but in all planes, eg between tarsals
44
Movements at hip joint
- iliopsoas: flexion - adductor brevis: addiction, lateral rotation - adductor longus: flexion, adduction, lateral rotation - adductor Magnus: flexion, adduction, lateral rotation - Gluteus minimus: abduction, medial rotation - gluteus medius: extension, abduction, medial rotation - gluteus maximum: extension, adduction, lateral rotation
45
Muscles in quadriceps and hamstrings:
Quad: rectus remordis, vastus laterallis,intermedius, medialis Ham: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
46
flat bones
eg sternum, ribs, cranium | - protect internal organs + act as suitable points of muscular attachment
47
long bones
eg. femur humerus, radius | act as levers for movement and act as sites for blood cell production
48
irregular bones
eg, vertebrae - protect spinal cord
49
short bones
carpals + tarsals | - bear weight well
50
sesamoid bones
patella | ease joint movement and resist compression
51
abduction definiton
moves articulating bone away from the midline of the body
52
adduction définition
moves articulating bone closer to midlines of body | eg, shoulders during star jump

PE (18 decks)

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