5.2 - Group and Team Dynamics and Goal Setting in Sport

Question 1

forming - storming - norming - performing model is what

Answer 1

good explanation of team development and behaviour

Question 2

stage 1: forming

Answer 2

• high dependence on leader for guidance and support
• start to get to know each other
• little agreement on aims of the teams
• roles are unclear

Question 3

stage 2: storming

Answer 3

• team members jostle for positions
• clearer focus for the team and they have a stronger sense of purpose, but still many uncertainties
• cliques form at this stage
• leader has more advisory/ coaching role

Question 4

stage 3: norming

Answer 4

• much more agreement and consensus of opinion in the team
• roles are clearer and generally accepted
• stronger sense of community and unity
• team more social and individuals are friendly with each other
• general respect for the leader

Question 5

stage 4: performing

Answer 5

• clear visions and clear aims
• no interference from leader
• focus achieving goals
• team does not need to be instructed or assisted

Question 6

define cohesion

Answer 6

total field of focus which act on members to remain in the group

Question 7

according to Carron 1980

Answer 7

cohesion has 2 dimensions:

• group integration - how individual members of the group feel about the group as a whole
• individual attraction to the group - how attracted the individuals are to the group

Question 8

actual productivity =

Answer 8

potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

Question 9

losses due to process faults mainly caused by two factors:

Answer 9

1. coordination problems + timing = strategies suffer
2. motivation problems - different motivation levels within a team
   1 guy lift 50kg, 4 guys lift 175kg

Question 10

what is the ringelmann effect put simply?

Answer 10

average individual performance decreases as group size increases

Question 11

social loafing definition

Answer 11

when some individuals in a group lose motivation, apparently caused by the individual losing identity when place in a group.

individual efforts may not be recognised by those who are spectating or taking part

Question 12

how to reduce social loafing within a team

Answer 12

• highlight individual performances, eg, tackle counts in rugby or assist counts in basketball to give credit
• positive feedback and support
• individual feedback
• individual goals set
• increase social interactions within the group - more cohesive

Question 13

4 ways goal setting can affect performance

Answer 13

1. by directing attention
2. by regulating amount of effort put into a given task
3. ensuring effort is sustained until the goal is reached (motivation)
4. by motivating people to develop a variety of strategies to reach these goal

Question 14

SMART goal setting

Answer 14

s: specific = clear and specific
m: measurable
a: achievable = realistic to ability of performer
r: recorded: goals must be recorded to track progress
t: time phased: goals hold be split into short term goals to long term

Question 15

outcome goal definition

Answer 15

goals that are targets directed towards an end result of the activities, eg a goal of wanting to win a netball match

Question 16

performance goal definition

Answer 16

goals that are directed towards the individuals end performance eg, improve batting average of a cricketer

Question 17

process goal definition

Answer 17

goal that are used to improve a skill and are often related to technique, eg, improving a cricketers batting technique

• concentrate on performers technique and tactics

Question 18

why set short term goals first?

Answer 18

provide greater opportunity for success

which can reinforce positive feelings = help control anxiety levels

Question 19

why are goals set through negotiation and agreement more effective than externally set goals?

Answer 19

• as participant will have a sense of ownership over the goal setting and will be better motivated to achieve
• also more fair and realistic if all parties involved have input

Question 20

Need

Answer 20

Similar aims and motivations as a group to be successful

Question 21

Causes of social loafing

Answer 21

• Individual the feel others are trying as hard
• if the player doesn’t feel that their efforts are valued, appreciated or being watched
• Eg perceive the task to be too hard
• they are lacking in confidence and therefore withdraw to protect self esteem
• if the player has had a bad experience in the past or failed at the task before