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WSET 3 by Sarp Sarac > 6. Vineyard Management > Flashcards

6. Vineyard Management Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the stages and timing of the vineyard cycle for northern hemisphere

A 
Budburst (March-April)
Early shoot and leaf growth (March-May)
Flowering and fruit set (May-June)
Veriason and ripening (July-September)
Harvest (September-October)
Winter dormancy (December-March)
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2
Q

If flowers fail to fertilize it is called:

A

Coulure

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3
Q

If the grapes are formed without seeds and remain small, causing uneven grape development, it is called:

A

Millerandage

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4
Q

What is the reason of millerandage?

A

Cold or wet weather at the time of flowering

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5
Q

What can you do to decrease the amount of pesticides?

A
  1. Understand the life cycle of the pests in depth
  2. monitor weather forecast
  3. Supporting the range of plants in the vineyard which can provide habitats for the predetors of the pest
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6
Q

Name the factors that affects the timing of the harvest

A
  1. Ripeness of the grapes
  2. Weather conditions (eg. imminent hail)
  3. Process capacity of the winery
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7
Q

Type of harvesting (hand or machine) depends on:

A

How the vineyard is planted
Labour availibility and cost
Topography of the vineyard
Style of the wine (Beaujolais- whole bunch)

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of machine harvesting?

A
  • Unripe and damaged grapes as well as bits of leaves, insects and other contaminents (MOG) are collected
  • It is not suitable for the whole bunch type of wine making like Beajolais
  • It is not suitable for the vieyards with medium to steep slopes
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9
Q

What does MOG mean?

A

Matter other than grapes

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10
Q

What are the advantages of machine harvesting?

A
  • Speed (important for imminent bad air conditions and harvesting the grapes which can over-ripe easily like Sauvignon Blanc
  • Harvesting can be done through the night allowing the arrival of cool grapes to the winery. This saves money and energy spent on lowering the heat of the grapes before fermentation and slows the oxidation process which could lead to off-flavours
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11
Q

What is the name of the tool used for handpicking the grapes?

A

Secateur

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12
Q

Name the three wine regions where hand harvesting is the only option

A
  1. Mosel (Germany)
  2. Douro (Portugal)
  3. Northern Rhone (France)
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13
Q

The flowering of the vine last about …. days

A

10

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14
Q

What are the important factors for a healthy flowering?

A
  • Daily average temperature (15 at least, 20-25 ideal)
  • Heat summation (so the length of the day)
  • Soil temperature
  • Dry weather
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15
Q

What are the changes in sugar and acid content of the grapes in veraison?

A
  • Sugar increases dramatically
  • Hard malic acid decrease
  • Riper tartaric acid increase
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16
Q

In which stage of the anuual cycle of the grape, the tannins are hydrolyzed?

A

Veraison

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17
Q

What are main considerations of a producer, when establishing a new winery

A
  • Environmental conditions: Temperature, rainfall, sunlight hours, composition, fertility and drainage of the soil
  • Business considerations: Proximity to infrastructure, availability of workforce, accessibility of the site for machinery
  • Grape variety: Suitability to the climate, legal restrictions
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18
Q

How are the young vines protected against animals?

A

By individual plastic sleeves

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19
Q

The first yield of vine comes in which year after planting?

A

Third year

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20
Q

Most vines are replaced between which years of age?

A

30 - 50

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21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of “old vines”?

A
  • They have greater concentration of flavours

- Yield decreases and more susceptible to diseases

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22
Q

What are the advantages of low and high training?

A
  • Low training: Benefit from the heat of the soil

- High training: Avoid frost

23
Q

Why cordon training takes more time to establish than head training?

A

Greater amount of permanent wood is needed

24
Q

What is the advantage of cordon training?

A

Mechanization in the vineyard is easier

25
Q

How are head trained and cordon trained vines pruned?

A
  • Head trained: Either spur or replacement cane pruned

- Cordon trained: Usually spur pruned

26
Q

What is the differences between spurs and canes?

A
  • Spurs are short sections of one-year-old wood that have been cut down to only two or three buds
  • Canes are longer sections of one-year-old wood and can have anything between 8 to 20 buds
27
Q

Cane pruning is also called..

A

Guyot training

28
Q

What is the aim of summer pruning?

A

Trimming the canopy to restrict vegetative growth and direct sugar production to the grape, rather than the growth os shoots or leaves

29
Q

Bush vines (Gobelets) are… trained and … pruned

A

Head, spur

30
Q

Bush vines are best suited for what kind of regions?

A

Bush vines are best suited for warm or hot, dry, sunny regions like Southern Rhone, Barossa Valley

31
Q

What kind of modification is made in bush vines in cool or wet regions like Beaujolais?

A

Vines are tied together at the tips to help expose the bunches to air and sunlight

32
Q

What is canopy management?

A

Each row of vines require a line of posts joined by horizontal wires and the vine’s canes and shoot arethen tied to the trellis

33
Q

What are the advantages of trellised vineyards?

A
  • In regions with limited sunlight keeping the shoots apart to create open canopy maximizes the thegrapes’ exposure to sunlight
  • An open canopy can improve the air circulation for prevention of fungal diseases
  • Trellising can aid mechanization in the vineyard
34
Q

What is the most widely used trellising system?

A

Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)

35
Q

Which type of pruning system is suitable for VSP?

A
  • Both spur and replacement cane pruning system is suitable for VSP
36
Q

What kind of modification is made to VSP in hot, sunny regions?

A

The top of the shoots are not tied but flop over, creating some shade in the canopy to protect the fruit

37
Q

How is planting density expressed?

A

As the number of vines planted per hectare

38
Q

What is a hectare? How many acres is 1 hectare?

A

One hectare is an area enclosed by a square with 100 m sides. One hectare is 2.5 acres

39
Q

What should be the strategy in vineyards with very limited water availability?

A

Low density planting

40
Q

What should be the strategy in vineyards with low levels of nutrients and sufficient rainfall?

A

High density planting

41
Q

What should be the strategy in vineyards with high levels of nutrients and sufficient rainfall?

A
  • High density planting is usually not enough

- Low density planting using vines multiple cordons or canes

42
Q

What is “green harvesting”?

A

Removing immature grapes shortly after veraison, to decrease the yield

43
Q

Why is green harvesting risky?

A

If it is performed at the wrong time, the vine will compensate the loss by increase the size of the grapes that have been retained. This can not only return the yield to the original size but will also dilute the flavours of the remaining grapes

44
Q

High fruit quality can only be achieved by low yields of grapes. True or false?

A

False

45
Q

What are the prevention measures for nematodes?

A
  • Sanitising the soil before replanting

- Using resistant rootstocks

46
Q

What threats pose the birds for the vines?

A
  • They can consume large amount of grapes

- Half eaten grapes increase the risk of fungal disease

47
Q

How can be the vineyards prevented from birds and mammals?

A
  • Birds: Netting

- Mammals: protective fencing

48
Q

How are the fungal diseases treated?

A
  • Fungicides
  • Sulphur based spray for powdery mildew
  • Bordeaux mixture (copper based spray) for downy mildew
49
Q

At which phase of growing seasons, using fungicide sprays should be avoided?

A

Close to harvest

50
Q

How can the risk of fungal disease be reduced?

A

Using open vine canopy

51
Q

How can be the viruses and bacteria eradicated?

A

Digging up the vines and sanitising the land

52
Q

What is the most common vectors for the transmission of bacterial diseases?

A

Sharpshooters

53
Q

What can be done to prevent the spread of bacterial disease in a vineyard?

A
  • Strict quarantine procedures

- Interrupting the lifecycle of sharpshooters

54
Q

What are the common practices of sustainable agriculture?

A
  • Developing in-depth understanding of the life cycle of the pests and monitor weather forecasts to reduce the application of sprays
  • Encouraging the life of certain predators of the pests in the vineyard
  • Supporting a range of plants in the vineyard which can provide the habitat for the predators of the pests and also provide nutrients when they are mowed

WSET 3 by Sarp Sarac (36 decks)

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