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EMT-B > 6. The Human Body > Flashcards

6. The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.

A

abdomen

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2
Q

The depression of the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.

A

acetabulum

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3
Q

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. Also called thyroid cartilage.

A

Adam’s apple

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4
Q

The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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5
Q

Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

A

adrenal glands

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6
Q

Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.

A

adrenergic

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7
Q

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

A

aerobic metabolism

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8
Q

Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest

A

atonal gasps

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9
Q

Portion of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.

A

alpha-adrenergic receptors

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10
Q

The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

A

alveoli

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11
Q

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.

A

anaerobic metabolism

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12
Q

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

A

anatomic positon

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13
Q

The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the aorta

A

aorta

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14
Q

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.

A

appendicular skeleton

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15
Q

A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

A

appendix

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16
Q

The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.

A

arterioles

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17
Q

A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.

A

articular cartilage

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18
Q

One of the two upper chambers the heart

A

atrium

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19
Q

A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by heart rate

A

cardiac output (CO)

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20
Q

The major artery that supplies blood to head and brain

A

carotid artery

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21
Q

The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.

A

cartilage

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22
Q

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.

A

cecum

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23
Q

The brain and the spinal cord.

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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24
Q

One of the three major subdivisions in the brain sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain like fine body movements

A

cerebellum

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25
Q

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

A

cerebrospinal fluid (SCF)

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26
Q

The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made of lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotion, and personality.

A

cerebrum

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27
Q

The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.

A

cervical spine

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28
Q

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.

A

chordae tendinae

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29
Q

The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of eaten food with stomach acids.

A

chyme

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30
Q

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins, that moves blood

A

circulatory system

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31
Q

The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

A

clavicle

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32
Q

The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone

A

coccyx

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33
Q

An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.

A

coronal plane

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34
Q

The area of the head above the ears and eyes; contains the brain

A

cranium

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35
Q

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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36
Q

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

A

cricothyroid membrane

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37
Q

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange; such as trachea and bronchi

A

dead space

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38
Q

The inner layer of the skin,, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

A

dermis

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39
Q

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity.

A

diaphragm

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40
Q

The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles

A

diastole

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41
Q

Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

diffusion

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42
Q

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body.

A

digestion

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43
Q

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.

A

dorsalis pedis artery

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44
Q

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including release of hormones.

A

endocrine system

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45
Q

Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.

A

enzymes

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46
Q

The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a water-tight protective covering for the body

A

epidermis

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47
Q

A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

A

epiglottis

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48
Q

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

epinephrine

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49
Q

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach.

A

esophagus

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50
Q

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,

A

expiratory reserve volume

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51
Q

The straightening of a joint

A

extension

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52
Q

Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from from the ovary to the uterus

A

fallopian tubes

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53
Q

The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the eternal iliac artery’ It supplies blood to the lower

A

femoral artery

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54
Q

The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.

A

femoral head

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55
Q

The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

A

femur

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56
Q

The bending of a joint

A

flexion

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57
Q

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

A

foramen magnum

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58
Q

The portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.

A

frontal bone

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59
Q

A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.

A

gallbladder

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60
Q

The reproductive system in men and women

A

genital system

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61
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed

A

germinal layer

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62
Q

A bony preeminence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.

A

greater trochanter

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63
Q

The small organs that produce hair

A

hair follicles

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64
Q

A hollow muscular organ that pumps throughout the body.

A

heart

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65
Q

The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)

A

heart rate (HR)

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66
Q

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plate

A

hinge joints

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67
Q

Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature

A

hormones

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68
Q

The supporting bone of the upper arm

A

humerus

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69
Q

The pressure of water against the walls of its container

A

hydrostatic pressure

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70
Q

A “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood

A

hypoxic drive

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71
Q

One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

ilium

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72
Q

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart

A

inferior vena cava

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73
Q

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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74
Q

The space in between the cells

A

interstitial space

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75
Q

The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many autonomic regulating systems of the body.

A

involuntary muscle

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76
Q

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

ischium

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77
Q

The place where two bones come into contact

A

joint (articulation)

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78
Q

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint

A

joint capsule

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79
Q

Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content

A

kidneys

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80
Q

The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired

A

labored breathing

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81
Q

A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)

A

lactic acid

82
Q

The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.

A

lesser trochanter

83
Q

A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint

A

ligament

84
Q

A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for the body, and produces substances that help regulate immune responses

A

liver

85
Q

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five confused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine

A

lumbar spine

86
Q

A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into capillaries to be excreted.

A

lymph

87
Q

Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.

A

lymph nodes

88
Q

The bone of the lower jaw

A

mandible

89
Q

The upper quarter of the sternum

A

manubrium

90
Q

The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palpate and hold the upper teeth.

A

maxillae

91
Q

Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

A

medulla oblongata

92
Q

The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells

A

metabolism

93
Q

The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness

A

midbrain

94
Q

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and umbilical (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves.

A

midsagittal plane (midline)

95
Q

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation.

A

minute volume

96
Q

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

A

motor nerves

97
Q

The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body.

A

mucous membrane

98
Q

The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.

A

mucus

99
Q

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

A

musculoskeletal system

100
Q

The heart muscle

A

myocardium

101
Q

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.

A

nasopharynx

102
Q

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.

A

nervous system

103
Q

A neurotransmitter and sometimes used used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties

A

norepinephrine

104
Q

The most posterior portion of the cranium

A

occiput

105
Q

The pressure of water to move

A

oncotic pressure

106
Q

The eye socket, made up of maxilla and zygoma

A

orbit

107
Q

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

A

oropharynx

108
Q

Female glands that produces sex hormones and oval(eggs)

A

ovaries

109
Q

A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and stomach; a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin

A

pancreas

110
Q

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous service, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine

A

parasympathetic nervous system

111
Q

The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

A

parietal bones

112
Q

The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

A

patella

113
Q

The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease

A

pathophysiology

114
Q

The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs

A

perfusion

115
Q

The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

116
Q

The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

A

peristalsis

117
Q

Sticky, yellow fluid carrying blood cells and nutrients, and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion.

A

plasma

118
Q

Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in blood clotting

A

platelets

119
Q

The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

A

pleura

120
Q

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as potential because under normal conditions, the space does not exist

A

pleural space

121
Q

An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla, contain numerous nerve fibers used for sleep, respiration, and medullary respiratory center.

A

pons

122
Q

The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot

A

posterior tibial artery

123
Q

A small gland that surrounds the ole urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid part of the ejaculatory fluid

A

prostate gland

124
Q

A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.

A

pubic symphysis

125
Q

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

pubis

126
Q

The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen poor blood

A

pulmonary artery

127
Q

Flow of blood from right ventricle through pulmonary arteries and all their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through venules and pulmonary veins; also called lesser circulation

A

pulmonary circulation

128
Q

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to left atrium of the heart

A

pulmonary veins

129
Q

The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into major arteries

A

pulse

130
Q

The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side

A

radial artery

131
Q

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm

A

radius

132
Q

The lowermost end of the colon.

A

rectum

133
Q

Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

134
Q

A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it though the ureter into the bladder

A

renal pelvis

135
Q

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

residual volume

136
Q

The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air

A

respiration

137
Q

The inability of the body to move gas effectively

A

respiratory compromise

138
Q

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of upper and lower airways and their components

A

respiratory system

139
Q

Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal

A

reticular activating system

140
Q

Behind the abdominal cavity

A

retroperitoneal

141
Q

The connection point between the pelvis and vertebral column

A

sacroiliac joint

142
Q

One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

A

sacrum

143
Q

An imaginary line where the bodies divided into left and right parts

A

sagittal (lateral plane)

144
Q

The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist

A

salivary glands

145
Q

The thick skin covering the cranium, usually bears hair

A

scalp

146
Q

The shoulder blade

A

scapula

147
Q

Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs

A

sebaceous glands

148
Q

Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm

A

semen

149
Q

Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate

A

seminal vesicles

150
Q

The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system.

A

sensory nerves

151
Q

An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the cells of the body, also known as hypo perfusion

A

shock

152
Q

The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus

A

shoulder girdle

153
Q

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle

A

skeletal muscle

154
Q

The framework that gives the body its recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs

A

skeleton

155
Q

The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A

small intestine

156
Q

Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the GI tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate autonomic activity

A

smooth muscle

157
Q

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

A

somatic nervous system

158
Q

Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels.

A

sphincters

159
Q

A device used to measure blood pressure.

A

sphygmomanometer

160
Q

An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal

A

spinal cord

161
Q

The breast bone

A

sternum

162
Q

The outermost or dead layer of the skin

A

stratum corneal layer

163
Q

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

A

stroke volume (SV)

164
Q

Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body

A

subcutaneous tissue

165
Q

One of two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities; head, neck, and chest into the heart

A

superior vena cava

166
Q

Secretes sweat

A

sweat glands

167
Q

A type of joint that has grown together to form a stable connection

A

symphysis

168
Q

The small amount of liquid within a jointed as lubrication

A

synovial fluid

169
Q

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

A

synovial membrane

170
Q

The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs

A

systemic circulation

171
Q

The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel

A

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

172
Q

The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles

A

systole

173
Q

The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples

A

temporal bones

174
Q

The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

A

tendons

175
Q

A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce sperm and egg

A

testicle

176
Q

The chest or rib cage

A

thoracic cage

177
Q

The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs attached to each of the vertebrae

A

thoracic spine

178
Q

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

A

thorax

179
Q

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s Apple

A

thyroid cartilage

180
Q

The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg

A

tibia

181
Q

The amount of air moved in and out f the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult

A

tidal volume

182
Q

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

A

topographic anatomy

183
Q

The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs

A

trachea

184
Q

An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts

A

transverse (axial) plane

185
Q

The muscle in the back of the upper arm

A

triceps

186
Q

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

A

tunica media

187
Q

The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb

A

ulna

188
Q

A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureter

189
Q

The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

A

urethra

190
Q

A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine

A

urinary bladder

191
Q

The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine

A

urinary system

192
Q

A muscular, distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia) ; aka birth canal

A

vagina

193
Q

The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called the vas deferens

A

vasa deferentia

194
Q

The movement of air between the lungs and environment

A

ventilation

195
Q

One of two lower chambers of the heart

A

ventricle

196
Q

The 33 bones that make up the spinal column

A

vertebrae

197
Q

Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle.

A

voluntary muscle

198
Q

A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs

A

V/Q ratio

199
Q

Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes

A

white blood cells

200
Q

The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

A

xiphoid process

201
Q

The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone.

A

zygomas

EMT-B (43 decks)

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