6. The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
A
abdomen
2
Q
The depression of the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
A
acetabulum
3
Q
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. Also called thyroid cartilage.
A
Adam’s apple
4
Q
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
A
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
5
Q
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
A
adrenal glands
6
Q
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.
A
adrenergic
7
Q
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
A
aerobic metabolism
8
Q
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest
A
atonal gasps
9
Q
Portion of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
A
alpha-adrenergic receptors
10
Q
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
A
alveoli
11
Q
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.
A
anaerobic metabolism
12
Q
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
A
anatomic positon
13
Q
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the aorta
A
aorta
14
Q
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
A
appendicular skeleton
15
Q
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.
A
appendix
16
Q
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.
A
arterioles
17
Q
A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.
A
articular cartilage
18
Q
One of the two upper chambers the heart
A
atrium
19
Q
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by heart rate
A
cardiac output (CO)
20
Q
The major artery that supplies blood to head and brain
A
carotid artery
21
Q
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
A
cartilage
22
Q
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.
A
cecum
23
Q
The brain and the spinal cord.
A
central nervous system (CNS)
24
Q
One of the three major subdivisions in the brain sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain like fine body movements
A
cerebellum
25
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
cerebrospinal fluid (SCF)
26
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made of lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotion, and personality.
cerebrum
27
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
cervical spine
28
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.
chordae tendinae
29
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of eaten food with stomach acids.
chyme
30
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins, that moves blood
circulatory system
31
The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
clavicle
32
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone
coccyx
33
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.
coronal plane
34
The area of the head above the ears and eyes; contains the brain
cranium
35
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
36
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
cricothyroid membrane
37
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange; such as trachea and bronchi
dead space
38
The inner layer of the skin,, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
dermis
39
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity.
diaphragm
40
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
diastole
41
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
diffusion
42
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body.
digestion
43
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.
dorsalis pedis artery
44
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including release of hormones.
endocrine system
45
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.
enzymes
46
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a water-tight protective covering for the body
epidermis
47
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
epiglottis
48
A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system.
epinephrine
49
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach.
esophagus
50
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,
expiratory reserve volume
51
The straightening of a joint
extension
52
Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from from the ovary to the uterus
fallopian tubes
53
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the eternal iliac artery' It supplies blood to the lower
femoral artery
54
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
femoral head
55
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
femur
56
The bending of a joint
flexion
57
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
foramen magnum
58
The portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.
frontal bone
59
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
gallbladder
60
The reproductive system in men and women
genital system
61
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
germinal layer
62
A bony preeminence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.
greater trochanter
63
The small organs that produce hair
hair follicles
64
A hollow muscular organ that pumps throughout the body.
heart
65
The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)
heart rate (HR)
66
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plate
hinge joints
67
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
hormones
68
The supporting bone of the upper arm
humerus
69
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
hydrostatic pressure
70
A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
hypoxic drive
71
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
ilium
72
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart
inferior vena cava
73
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
74
The space in between the cells
interstitial space
75
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many autonomic regulating systems of the body.
involuntary muscle
76
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
ischium
77
The place where two bones come into contact
joint (articulation)
78
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
joint capsule
79
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content
kidneys
80
The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
labored breathing
81
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
lactic acid
82
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.
lesser trochanter
83
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint
ligament
84
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for the body, and produces substances that help regulate immune responses
liver
85
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five confused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
lumbar spine
86
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into capillaries to be excreted.
lymph
87
Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.
lymph nodes
88
The bone of the lower jaw
mandible
89
The upper quarter of the sternum
manubrium
90
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palpate and hold the upper teeth.
maxillae
91
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
medulla oblongata
92
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
metabolism
93
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
midbrain
94
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and umbilical (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves.
midsagittal plane (midline)
95
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation.
minute volume
96
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
motor nerves
97
The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body.
mucous membrane
98
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.
mucus
99
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
musculoskeletal system
100
The heart muscle
myocardium
101
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.
nasopharynx
102
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.
nervous system
103
A neurotransmitter and sometimes used used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties
norepinephrine
104
The most posterior portion of the cranium
occiput
105
The pressure of water to move
oncotic pressure
106
The eye socket, made up of maxilla and zygoma
orbit
107
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
oropharynx
108
Female glands that produces sex hormones and oval(eggs)
ovaries
109
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and stomach; a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
pancreas
110
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous service, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
parasympathetic nervous system
111
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
parietal bones
112
The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
patella
113
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
pathophysiology
114
The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs
perfusion
115
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
116
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
peristalsis
117
Sticky, yellow fluid carrying blood cells and nutrients, and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion.
plasma
118
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in blood clotting
platelets
119
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
pleura
120
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as potential because under normal conditions, the space does not exist
pleural space
121
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla, contain numerous nerve fibers used for sleep, respiration, and medullary respiratory center.
pons
122
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
posterior tibial artery
123
A small gland that surrounds the ole urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid part of the ejaculatory fluid
prostate gland
124
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.
pubic symphysis
125
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
pubis
126
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen poor blood
pulmonary artery
127
Flow of blood from right ventricle through pulmonary arteries and all their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through venules and pulmonary veins; also called lesser circulation
pulmonary circulation
128
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to left atrium of the heart
pulmonary veins
129
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into major arteries
pulse
130
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
radial artery
131
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
radius
132
The lowermost end of the colon.
rectum
133
Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes
red blood cells
134
A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it though the ureter into the bladder
renal pelvis
135
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
residual volume
136
The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air
respiration
137
The inability of the body to move gas effectively
respiratory compromise
138
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of upper and lower airways and their components
respiratory system
139
Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal
reticular activating system
140
Behind the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
141
The connection point between the pelvis and vertebral column
sacroiliac joint
142
One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
sacrum
143
An imaginary line where the bodies divided into left and right parts
sagittal (lateral plane)
144
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
salivary glands
145
The thick skin covering the cranium, usually bears hair
scalp
146
The shoulder blade
scapula
147
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs
sebaceous glands
148
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
semen
149
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
seminal vesicles
150
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system.
sensory nerves
151
An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the cells of the body, also known as hypo perfusion
shock
152
The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus
shoulder girdle
153
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
skeletal muscle
154
The framework that gives the body its recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs
skeleton
155
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
small intestine
156
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the GI tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate autonomic activity
smooth muscle
157
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
somatic nervous system
158
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels.
sphincters
159
A device used to measure blood pressure.
sphygmomanometer
160
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal
spinal cord
161
The breast bone
sternum
162
The outermost or dead layer of the skin
stratum corneal layer
163
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
stroke volume (SV)
164
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
subcutaneous tissue
165
One of two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities; head, neck, and chest into the heart
superior vena cava
166
Secretes sweat
sweat glands
167
A type of joint that has grown together to form a stable connection
symphysis
168
The small amount of liquid within a jointed as lubrication
synovial fluid
169
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
synovial membrane
170
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
systemic circulation
171
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
172
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
systole
173
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
temporal bones
174
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
tendons
175
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce sperm and egg
testicle
176
The chest or rib cage
thoracic cage
177
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs attached to each of the vertebrae
thoracic spine
178
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
thorax
179
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's Apple
thyroid cartilage
180
The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
tibia
181
The amount of air moved in and out f the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult
tidal volume
182
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
topographic anatomy
183
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
trachea
184
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
transverse (axial) plane
185
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
triceps
186
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
tunica media
187
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
ulna
188
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
ureter
189
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
urethra
190
A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
urinary bladder
191
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
urinary system
192
A muscular, distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia) ; aka birth canal
vagina
193
The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called the vas deferens
vasa deferentia
194
The movement of air between the lungs and environment
ventilation
195
One of two lower chambers of the heart
ventricle
196
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
vertebrae
197
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle.
voluntary muscle
198
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs
V/Q ratio
199
Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes
white blood cells
200
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
xiphoid process
201
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone.
zygomas
