5C-Regulation of Respiration

Question 1

What two parts of the brainstem control breathing?

Answer 1

Pons and Medulla

Question 2

What is the group of breathing neurons in the medulla?

Answer 2

medullary respiratory center…CRAZY name, I know

Question 3

What are the two groups of neurons in the pons?

Answer 3

Ap-neu-stic Center and Pneumo-taxic Center

Question 4

What is primarily responsible for INSPIRATION and generates the basic RHYTHM for breathing? (What part of the brainstem are we talking here)

Answer 4

DORSAL respiratory group (DRG)..(medulla)

Question 5

What is the “SA node of breathing”?

Answer 5

DRG (dorsal respiratory group)

Question 6

CN __ inputs information from peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors (e.g., lung stretch receptors, irritant receptors, J receptors and joint & muscle receptors)..

Answer 6

X Vagus!

Question 7

CN ___ inputs information from peripheral chemoreceptors.

Answer 7

IX Glossopharyngeal

Question 8

Output from the DRG travels via the _______ nerve to the diaphragm & external intercostals.

Answer 8

phrenic nerve

Question 9

What is is primarily responsible for expiration?

Answer 9

the VENTRAL respiratory group (VRG)

Question 10

What is not active during normal, quiet breathing, when expiration is passive?

Answer 10

the VRG

Question 11

What is activated (e.g., during exercise) when expiration becomes an active process?

Answer 11

The VRG

Question 12

Which group sends signals to INSPIRATORY MUSCLES?

Answer 12

DRG

Question 13

Which group sends signals the the EXPIRATORY MUSCLES?

Answer 13

VRG

Question 14

What was the analogy for the DRG? How long is it active? inactive?

Answer 14

A light switch!…Active for 2 seconds, inactive for 3 seconds. (60sec/5sec=ABOUT 12 breaths/minute!)

Question 15

What is located in the upper pons and nhibits inspiration and limits the burst of action potentials in the phrenic nerve?

Answer 15

Pneumotaxic Center

Question 16

What limits the size of the TV?

Answer 16

Pneumotaxic Center

Question 17

Commands from the _________ can temporarily override the brainstem centers. For example, a person can voluntarily hyperventilate…

Answer 17

cerebral cortex

Question 18

What does HYPERventilation do to arterial pH? Hypo?

Answer 18

hyperventilation=decrease in CO2=increase in pH (basic)….Hypo=increase in CO2=decrease in pH

Question 19

What can prolong duration of breath holding?

Answer 19

Prior hyperventilation!

Question 20

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

Answer 20

ventrolateral medulla

Question 21

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 21

Aortic Arch and Carotid arteries! (same as baroreceptors!!)

Question 22

What type of fluid do the central chemoreceptors monitor?

Answer 22

The CSF! They only measure Bohr’s effects! pH and CO2

Question 23

What is the O2 threshold for the peripheral chemoreceptors ?

Answer 23

60mmHg O2

Question 24

WHICH CHEMICAL has the LARGEST INFLUENCE on respiration (most closely controlled)? What is the threshold for this chemical?

Answer 24

CO2!…+/-3…43=too HIGH=breathe faster!

Question 25

Which crosses the BBB better? H+ or CO2?

Answer 25

CO2 crosses easier

Question 26

In the csf: increases in ____ and ____ STIMULATE breathing.

Answer 26

PCO2……H+ (opposite for decrease in these)

Question 27

Which is more important? The Central chemoreceptor response to CO2 or the peripheral response to CO2?

Answer 27

CENTRAL

Question 28

What is concept of keeping a smokers O2 somewhat low to keep their PO2 making them breathe?

Answer 28

Hypoxic Drive

Question 29

What is the protective reflex to prevent over expansion of the lung? SO when do they become really active? WHERE are they found?

Answer 29

Lung Stretch reflex/herring-Breuer reflex…during exercise! Found in the smooth muscle of the airways..

Question 30

___________ for noxious chemicals and particles are located between epithelial cells lining the airways. Information from these receptors travels to the brainstem via the _______ nerve and causes a reflex constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and an increase in breathing rate.

Answer 30

Irritant receptors…..vagus

Question 31

Which breathing receptors are involved in this? The first component is “anticipation of exercise” and may involve activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The second component involves activation of stretch receptors (proprioceptors) in skeletal muscle and joints.

Answer 31

Joint and Muscle receptors

Question 32

What is located in the lower pons and stimulates inspiration, producing deep and prolonged inspiratory gasps, followed by occasional brief exhalations?

Answer 32

Ap-neu-stic Center

Question 33

Which center? Stimulation of these neurons apparently excites the inspiratory center in the medulla, prolonging the period of action potentials in the phrenic nerve, and thereby prolonging the contraction of the diaphragm.

Answer 33

Ap-Neu-Stic Center