Chapter 17 - Positioning the Aerial Apparatus Flashcards
- Area beneath a wall in which the wall is likely to land if it loses structural integrity.
Collapse zone
p 611
________ extensions at ______ angles place the maximum amount of stress on an aerial device, and in some cases, reduce its load carrying capacity.
Long / low
p 612
The ___________ of the fire building affects the distance that the aerial device may be positioned from the building.
condition
p 613
- (1) Positioning the apparatus in a location that provides the utmost efficiency for operating on the fireground. (2) Positioning a ladder to reach an object or person.
Spotting
p 613
When using an aerial device, the D/O must consider the _________ ___________ of the spotting area.
surface condition
p 614
If working on soft surfaces, operators must be aware of and watch for ?
settling
p 614
The ____________ ______ supplied with the apparatus are to be used whenever the stabilizers are deployed.
stabilizer pads
p 614
_______-_________ paved surfaces, common in parking lots, may be as dangerous as soft soil.
Thin-skinned
p 614
- Ground above underground vaults such as underground parking structures, utility chases, drainage culverts, basements that extend under sidewalks, or underground transportation systems.
Vaulted Surfaces
p 615
___________ covers are a good indicator of underground voids.
Manhole
p 615
Hot surfaces
One indicator of a compromised asphalt surface due to extreme heat is when the asphalt “________” creating a shiny, glass like surface.
bleeds
p 615
Grade
- Positioning with the front of the apparatus up-hill:
- With the rear tires off the ground, the truck has less resistance to ___________ ____________.
- The rear compartments will be more difficult to _________ once the apparatus is leveled.
sliding downhill / reach
p 615
Grade
- Positioning with the rear of the apparatus up-hill:
- It will be easier to reach the ________ with a platform operating off the rear of the apparatus.
- It is more likely that the _______ _______ will be lifted off the ground, causing the frame rails to sag and making the device more difficult to stow properly after operations are complete.
ground / front tires
p 615
Grade:
Depending on the operational capabilities of the apparatus and the severity of the grade, apparatus with two rear jacks may need to face _________. By facing _________, the angle of the ____________ is decreased, thereby increasing capability and stability.
uphill / uphill / turntable
p 615-616
Grade:
In some cases, it is possible to level the truck somewhat by using the ____________ to raise one side of the truck more than the other. Generally, this is only possible on grades that are _______________ to the long centerline of the apparatus.
stabilizers / perpendicular
p 616
Moderate to high winds impose a ___________ _______ on the aerial device and may reduce the overall stability by forcing movement for which the apparatus was not designed.
dynamic load
p 616
- Loads that involve motion. They include forces arising from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration, or falling objects as well as the addition of a moving load force to an aerial device or structure.
Dynamic Load
also know as shock loading
p 616
When it is necessary to operate during high wind conditions, the D/O should spot the apparatus in a manner that minimizes the ___________ needed. The aerial device may also be positioned over the _______ or ______ of the apparatus, preferably __________ to wind direction.
extension / front or rear / parallel
p 616
If possible, the D/O should avoid spotting the apparatus in a position that will require a lot of aerial device maneuvering around _________ and ____________ obstructions.
ground and overhead
p 616
When positioning the aerial apparatus, the D/O should avoid parked _______, ________ containers, and similar obstructions.
vehicles / trash
p 616
In certain circumstances, the ground around a downed power line or charged vehicle may become _____________ energized. The ground becomes charged in __________ ________ with varying voltage potential.
electrically / concentric circles
p 616
Ground obstructions:
Stay away from the vehicle or power line, keeping both ______ on the ground at the same time. This will prevent you from becoming a ____________ between two areas of the ground that are charged differently.
feet / conductor
p 616
Overhead power line are not __________. The vehicle or parts of the vehicle do not need to touch the power line for the vehicle to become ___________.
insulated / energized
p 617
Overhead obstructions:
The long standing fire service standard has been to provide _____ feet of clearance between the aerial device and overhead high-voltage lines energized from _____ to ________ volts, and ____ feet of clearance for high voltage transmission lines over ________ volts.
10 / 600 to 50,000 / 50 / 50,000
p 617
The new OSHA standard for power line clearance in the construction industry requires ____ feet between the device and overhead electric lines of less than _____ kilovolts. For high tension lines of over _____ kilovolts, OSHA requires ____ feet of clearance.
20 / 350 / 350 / 50
p 617
If you are on or inside a vehicle that contacts or is energized by a power line, ______ ________ _____ ______.
_________ the vehicle is more hazardous than remaining _________.
stay where you are
Exiting / inside
p 618
If it becomes necessary to exit an apparatus that is in contact with electric lines, _______ _______ of the energized apparatus to reduce risk of electrocution. Maintain balance or fall _______, don’t fall back towards the vehicle which could result in the body becoming a pathway between the vehicle and the ground.
jump clear / forward
p 618
Exiting energized apparatus
Place your feet close together and _____ or ________ until you are out of the danger area. Do not attempt to ______ or _______ as both may place you in danger of shock. Depending on the voltage of the power line, the distance you need to travel can be upwards of _____ feet.
hop or shuffle / walk or crawl / 150
p 618
If someone is trapped inside a vehicle that has come in contact with a power line, instruct them to ?
stay inside and not try to exit, unless their life is in eminent danger or a fire is present.
p 619
Stability of aerial apparatus can be improved by operating the aerial device in line with the ____________ _______.
longitudinal axis (apparatus body)
p 619
The apparatus is most stable when the aerial device is operated directly over the ______ or ______ of the vehicle. Increasing the angle of the aerial device away from the longitudinal axis of the truck decreases the ______ _______ that can be carried safely.
front or rear / load weight
p 619
An angle ____________ to the apparatus is the least stable position.
perpendicular
p 619
By positioning the truck body in a _____ with the expected position of aerial use, the stability of the apparatus can be increased.
line
p 619-620
For rear mounted aerial devices, _________ the apparatus is the preferred method, as this maximizes the reach of the aerial device, as opposed to ________ in the apparatus which would shorten the possible reach by a distance equal to the length of the apparatus. The opposite would be true for __________ mounted devices.
backing / nosing / midship
p 620
Tillered aerial apparatus may be positioned to increase stability by ____________ the appartus.
jackknifing
p 620
- Condition of truck tractor/semitrailer combination when their relative positions to each other form an angle of 90 degrees or less about the trailer kingpin, such as turning the tractor portion of a tractor-tiller aerial apparatus at an angle from the trailer to increase stability when the aerial device is being used.
Jackknifing
p 620
Jackknifing:
Greatest stability occurs when this angle is approximately ____ degrees from in-line and the aerial device is extended away from this angle. Good stability occurs at angles up to _____ degrees. Beyond _____ degrees stability decreases rapidly.
60 / 90 / 90
p 620
_________ are those factors that work against the aerial devices strength.
Stresses
p 621
Stress may be imposed in both ________ and _________ operation. The stress tends to be greater when the aerial device is in ________.
static (at rest) / dynamic (in motion) / motion
p 621
Stress in aerial devices is increased when the ladder rungs are operated ____________ to the ground or when the apparatus is parked on an ________ and the aerial device must be operated off the ______ of the apparatus.
nonparallel / incline / side
p 622
When an apparatus must operate off an incline, the D/O can reduce these stresses by spotting the turntable __________ from the point of operation.
down-hill
p 622
When approaching from the uphill side, the apparatus should _____ ______ the building, and operate the aerial device from the ______ of the truck. When approaching from downhill side, the apparatus should be ________ ______ of the building and the aerial should be operated ______ the _____.
park past / rear / stopped short / over the cab
p 622
Ideally, the truck should be operated in the ________ position with the aerial device directly ___-______ to reduce the stress.
uphill / in-line
p 622
If the truck only has two jacks then the direction in which it can be stabilized in the grade is fairly limited. It needs to be facing _________.
uphill
p 622
Another spotting consideration is whether the aerial device is designed to be operated in a position that is ____________ at the tip or ___________ position.
unsupported / supported (resting on a wall)
p 622
The maximum loading for any unsupported aerial device occurs when operated at angles between ____ and ____ degrees from horizontal.
70 and 80
p 622
The amount of extension affects aerial device ________. As extension increases, aerial _________ must decrease. Aerials operating at a low angle of elevation and at a long extension are at their ___________ operational position.
stress / loading / weakest
p 622
- Always approach incidents from _________ and _________, when possible.
- If the apparatus is to be positioned in a dead-end access, ______ the apparatus into position if possible. This will make an _______ faster if it becomes necessary.
upwind and uphill / back / escape
p 624
Highways:
- Position the vehicle so that the _________ side of the vehicle is protected from the flow of traffic.
- Turn the front wheels away from the ____________ working highway incidents so that the apparatus will not be driven into them if struck from behind.
- operators
- firefighters
p 626
Highways:
- Consider parking additional apparatus _____ to _____ feet behind the shielding apparatus to act as an additional barrier between firefighters and the flow of traffic.
- Once on scene, place headlights on the _____-______ setting, without _________.
- During nighttime incidents, use a minimum number of __________ ______ at the scene to prevent blinding other drivers or distracting them, possibly leading to another incident.
- 150 to 200
- low-beam / flashing
- warning lights
p 626
Most railroad companies advise that vehicles be kept at least ____ feet from the tracks when possible.
25 feet
p 627
If raising an aerial device across railroad track is necessary, even when a halt confirmation has been received, keep the aerial device at least _____ feet above the level of the rails as an added safety precaution.
25
p 627
Bridges:
- If multiple apparatus must work on a bridge, do not park or operate all apparatus on the same _______. The combined ________ load of all apparatus may exceed its design limitations. Instead, stagger apparatus in different traffic _______ without parking _____-___-______.
span / static / lanes / side-by-side
p 628
Bridges:
- Recognize that most large bridges are designed to _______ somewhat in response to forces placed upon them by wind, traffic, and water movement below. This movement will be somewhat amplified at the ______ of a raised aerial device, depending on the type and intensity of the force. High _______ will further affect the movement of the aerial device. When this movement becomes uncomfortable for firefighters or begins to place excessive _______ stress on the aerial device, minimize the ____________ of the device as much as possible.
move / tip / winds / lateral / extension
p 628
Structural incidents:
Consideration must be given to the fire’s potential ________. If the fire has the potential to grow or spread to exposures, the apparatus must be placed so that it is not ?
growth / trapped by the advancing fire
p 629
If the fire building is known to be in poor repair, the aerial device should not be used in a ___________ position.
supported (touching the building)
p 631
Hazardous Material Incidents:
- Obtain information on the ______ speed and direction while en route to the scene.
- Approach the incident from the ________ and ________ side if at all possible.
- Always stop well _______ of the incident scene until the nature of the hazard is understood.
- wind
- upwind and uphill
- short
p 631
Hazardous Materials Incidents:
- Consider the potential for exposure to high levels of heat if the incident involves ignited ____________ or ___________ _________.
- Do not park over __________ or _______ drains. Flammable materials flowing into the underground system could ignite and explode.
- If the material involved is a ___________, any contact with the aerial device could result in damage.
- flammable or combustible liquids (or the potential for them to ignite)
- manholes or storm drains
- corrosive
p 631-632
On all __________-___________ responses, the company officer and the D/O should consider the possibility that a hazardous material may be involved in an incident.
vehicle-related
p 632
Aircraft Incidents:
- Watch for pools of _____ ______ - do not drive through them or close enough to present an ignition source.
- Position _________ of any fire conditions or vapors from un-ignited pools of fuel.
- Stage the apparatus near the expected ____________ area when dispatched to an aircraft emergency landing. Complete the response only after the aircraft has ___________ down.
- jet fuel
- upwind
- touchdown / touched
p 632
Aircraft Incidents:
- Passenger rescue
- If the tip of the device is to be placed in an aircraft doorway, the apparatus should be positioned for accessing the ?
- If the objective is to provide access over a wing or remove victims from the wing, the positioning principles are basically the same as for providing access to the ?
- window of a building
- roof of a building
p 633
Aircraft incidents:
The D/O should avoid spotting the apparatus in a position that hinders the deployment of the aircraft emergency ________.
slides
p 634
Aerial apparatus are frequently used to provide elevated master streams at fires involving large _______ ______ or _____/__________ processing facilities.
storage tanks / fuel/chemical
p 634
When operating at storage tank fires, the apparatus should never be spotted inside the ______ that surrounds the affected tank(s).
dike
p 634
Petroleum storage / processing facilities
An ________ location is most desirable if the aerial device is being used for direct fire attack. It is more efficient to discharge foam steams _____________.
upwind / downwind
p 634-635
Some challenges of apparatus positioning at processing facilities include:
- Narrow ___________
- ______-_____ access
- _____________ obstructions
- driveways
- Dead-end
- Overhead
p 635
Technical Rescue Incidents:
The proper positioning of aerial apparatus at the scene of a technical rescue operation will depend on whether the aerial device is being used to ?
directly aid in the mitigation of the incident or the apparatus is simply serving a support role on the scene.
p 635
