5.1 The emergence of new ideas and opposition

Question 1

What led to the initial stimulation of opposition under Alexander II?

Answer 1

Alexander II’s reforms were disappointing so stimulated the cause for opposition

Question 2

What are examples of relaxation of policies 1858-70 (Alex II) that allowed opposition? (4)

++ years

Answer 2

• 1858-70 Relaxation of censorship encouraged the spread of radical writings, restrictions on publishers and foreign publications reduced
• 1863-64 Easier entry to higher education increased the number of educated and radial thinkers ‘declared open to all’
• 1864-70 Zemstvos and Dumas gave people a platform to challenge policies
• 1864 Judicial reform increased the number of trained lawyers who were then ready to challenge policies, based on Western system

Question 3

Who led the demands for change within Alexander II’s rule? (3)

Answer 3

• Liberally minded intellectual
• Radical students
• Socialist groups

Question 4

What did John Nettle say about the state of Russia’s views?

Answer 4

‘Russia was a mass ofpolarized contradictions…. startlingplethora of views’

Question 5

What was the biggest reform that Alex II introduced and when?

++ What is historian’s Terence Emmon’s interpretation of this?

Answer 5

Emancipation of 51 million serfs in 1851

++ ‘state-directed’ manipulation of society that aimed to ‘strengthen social and political stability’ rather than from the concern of the Tsar

Question 6

What helped reinforce the demands for change after Alexander II?

Answer 6

Alexander III continued the more repressive and harsh regime from the end of his father’s reign