4.5.3.3 water and nitrogen balance in the body (SINGLE)

Question 1

What is the kidneys function?

Answer 1

To filter the blood

Question 1

How do the kidneys produce urine?

Answer 1

They filter waste products out of the blood that flows through the kidneys

Question 2

Kidneys filter waste products out of the blood that flows through them. What is this stage called?

Answer 2

Filtration

Question 3

Which substances are absorbed back into the blood after being filtered out during kidney filtration?

Answer 3

Glucose, some ions, water needed by the body.

Question 4

Substances are absorbed back into the blood after being filtered out during kidney filtration, what is this process called?

Answer 4

Selective reabsorption

Question 5

What three substances are removed from the body in the urine?

Answer 5

Urea, Ions, Water

Question 6

What is deamination? Where does it happen?

Answer 6

When proteins and amino acids cannot be stored by the body they are converted into fats and carbohydrate which can be stored. This occurs in the liver

Question 7

What is the waste product of deamination?

Answer 7

Ammonia

Question 8

Why is Ammonia converted into urea?

Answer 8

Ammonia is toxic, so the liver converts it into urea

Question 9

What happens to the urea produced by the liver in the breakdown of excess amino acids and proteins?

Answer 9

Urea is transported to the kidneys in the blood, and filtered out into the urine

Question 10

How do ions get into the blood?

Answer 10

Taken in with food and drink and absorbed through the walls of the small intestine

Question 11

Which two ions are in table salt?

Answer 11

sodium and chlorine

Question 12

Why is maintaining the blood ion concentration important?

Answer 12

If the blood ion concentration changes which will affect the water balance of cells, which can damage cells

Question 13

If the ion content of the blood is too high what will be the osmotic effect?

Answer 13

Water will leave cells due to osmosis

Question 14

If the ion content of the blood is too low what will be the osmotic effect?

Answer 14

Water will enter cells due to osmosis

Question 15

What are the two main ways that ions lost from the body?

Answer 15

Urine and sweat

Question 16

What are the three methods by which water is lost from the body of organisms?

Answer 16

Urine, sweat, and lungs during exhaling

Question 17

How is water added to the body?

Answer 17

Food and water, also a product of respiration

Question 18

Which hormone controls water levels in the body?

Answer 18

ADH

Question 19

Which gland produces ADH? where is this gland?

Answer 19

Pituitary gland in the brain

Question 20

Why is ‘water levels in blood’ an example of negative feedback?

Answer 20

A change in water levels brings about a response to restore water levels back to normal

Question 21

How does the ADH move from the brain to the kidneys?

Answer 21

In the bloodstream

Question 22

What happens if the brain detects that the level of water in the blood is too high?

Answer 22

The pituitary gland produces less ADH, so less water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules and more water is removed from the body in the urine

Question 23

What happens if the brain detects that the level of water in the blood is too low?

Answer 23

The pituitary gland produces more ADH, so more water is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules and less water is removed from the body in the urine

Question 24

Someone with kidney failure has two options. what are they?

Answer 24

Dialysis or transplant

Question 25

If the kidneys do not work properly what happens?

Answer 25

Waste substances are not filtered out of the blood, and build up in the body. This can be fatal.

Question 26

What device does a person suffering from kidney failure have to be connected to several times per week?

Answer 26

Dialysis machine

Question 27

What does a Dialysis machine to, in simple terms?

Answer 27

Keep dissolved substances at a normal level and remove waste products, just as the kidneys would have done if they worked.

Question 28

In a dialysis machine what does water and dissolved substances move through?

Answer 28

Partially permeable membrane

Question 29

By what process does water pass through the partially permeable membrane in the dialysis machine?

Answer 29

Osmosis

Question 30

By what process do dissolved substances pass through the partially permeable membrane in the dialysis machine?

Answer 30

Diffusion

Question 31

Which big molecules cannot pass through the partially permeable membrane in a dialysis machine?

Answer 31

Proteins

Question 32

The dialysis machine fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as what?

Answer 32

Blood

Question 33

Why does the dialysis machine have the same concentration of glucose and dissolved ions as the blood?

Answer 33

So that ions and glucose are not lost due to diffusion during dialysis treatment

Question 34

What substances are filtered out of the blood during dialysis?

Answer 34

Urea, excess ions and excess water

Question 35

How many times per week does a patient with kidney failure need to have dialysis, and how long is each session?

Answer 35

3 times per week, 3-4 hours per session

Question 36

What are the possible damaging side effects of dialysis treatment?

Answer 36

blood clots and infections

Question 37

What are the practical drawbacks of dialysis?

Answer 37

It is expensive (for the NHS) and unpleasant

Question 38

What would be the long term aim of a patient receiving dialysis treatment?

Answer 38

To have a kidney transplanted from a donor

Question 39

Are kidney transplants a possible cure for kidney failure?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

Are kidney transplants a definite cure for kidney failure? what can go wrong?

Answer 40

- The donated kidney can be rejected by the patients immune system

Question 41

What is a transplant patient given to reduce the chance of the bodies immune system rejecting the now organ?

Answer 41

Drugs to suppress the immune system

Question 42

Why is it not possible for all kidney failure patients receive a donated kidney?

Answer 42

There is a long waiting list for donated kidneys, and not enough organs are donated for everyone to have one.

Question 43

Where do donated kidneys come from?

Answer 43

From a living person who had donated one of their two kidneys, or from someone who has died and carries an organ donor card/is on the organ donor register