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AQA GCSE Biology > 4.2.2 animal tissues, organs, and systems (digestion, blood, heart, cancer) > Flashcards

4.2.2 animal tissues, organs, and systems (digestion, blood, heart, cancer) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a meant by a specialised cell?

A

A cell that carries out a particular function (job).

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2
Q

What is meant by differentiation?

A

When a stem cell changes into a specialised cell.

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3
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell that can change into any type of cell.

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4
Q

What is meant by an ‘undifferentiated cell’?

A

A cell that has not yet changed into a specialised cell (e.g. stem cells)

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5
Q

Many similar cells form a…

A

tissue

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Many tissues form an…

A

organ

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7
Q

Many organs form an…

A

organ system

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8
Q

Many organ systems form an…

A

organism

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9
Q

When does differentiation occur in multicellular organisms?

A

During the development (in the uterus/womb)

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10
Q

What is meant by a multicellular organism?

A

An organism that is made from many different types of specialised cells.

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11
Q

Why do large multicellular organisms require organ systems?

A

To transport materials.

To exchange materials.

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12
Q

Name the 3 types of tissue that form the stomach (organ).

A

Epithelial tissue

Glandular tissue

Muscular tissue

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13
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue in the stomach?

A

It covers the stomach like a skin.

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14
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue in the stomach?

A

It contracts to allow the stomach to churn food.

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15
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue in the stomach?

A

It secretes digestive enzymes that break down food.

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16
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue?

A

It secretes enzymes.

It secretes hormones.

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17
Q

Identify the organ system

A

Digestive System

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18
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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19
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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20
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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21
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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22
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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23
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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24
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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25
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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26
Q

what organ produces digestive juices

A

glands e.g. pancreas, salivary gland

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27
Q

where in the digestive system does digestion take place?

A

mouth

stomach

small intestine

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28
Q

amylase breaks down

A

starch

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29
Q

what is starch broken down into?

A

glucose

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30
Q

protease breaks down?

A

proteins

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31
Q

proteins are broken down into

A

amino acids

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32
Q

fats are broken down by

A

lipase

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33
Q

fats are broken down into?

A

fatty acid

glycerol

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34
Q

digested food is absorbed where?

A

small intestine

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35
Q

water is absorbed where in the digestive system?

A

large intestine

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36
Q

digestion of starch takes place in which organ?

A

mouth

small intestine

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37
Q

digestion of proteins takes place in which organs?

A

stomach

small intestine

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38
Q

Fats are digested in which organ?

A

small intestine

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39
Q

what type of substance is bile?

A

alkali

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40
Q

bile is made in which organ?

A

liver

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41
Q

The role of bile in digestion is?

A

to neutralise stomach acid

emulsify the fats into droplets

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42
Q

Why is it important that the bile is added as the food leaves the stomach?

A

to prevent the acid contents denaturing enzymes in the small intestine

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43
Q

What organs in the digestive system does the food NOT pass through?

A

pancreas

liver

gall bladder

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44
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

Mouth

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45
Q

How are the small intestines adapted for absorption?

A

Folds called villi increase surface area

villi are thin

villi have an extensive blood supply

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46
Q

Where is all the undigested food stored?

A

rectum

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47
Q

Where does the undigested food leave the body from?

A

anus

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48
Q

What is the glucose absorbed in digestion used for?

A

delivered to our cells and used in respiration

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49
Q

What are the amino acids absorbed in digestion used for?

A

to make new proteins

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50
Q

Where are new proteins made in a cell?

A

at the ribosomes

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51
Q

organ systems work together to form

A

organisms

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52
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gall bladder

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53
Q

How are proteins different to amino acids?

A

proteins are large and insoluble

amino acids are small and soluble

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54
Q

How is starch different to glucose?

A

starch is large and insoluble

glucose is small and soluble

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55
Q

proteases, lipases and amylases are all what type of molecule?

A

enzymes

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56
Q

what are enzymes made from?

A

protein

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57
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Protein molecule that acts as a biological catalayst

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58
Q

What does an enzyme do in the body?

A

control and speed up the rate of chemical reactions e.g. respiration

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59
Q

Enzymes are affected by

A

pH

temperature

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60
Q

True or false enzymes are living

A

FALSE

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61
Q

You can increase the speed of an enzyme controlled reaction by doing what?

A

raising the temperature

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62
Q

If the temperature gets too hot for enzymes, what happens to the reaction its controlling?

A

slows down and eventually will stop

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63
Q

If enzymes get too hot what happens to the enzyme?

A

they begin to denature (destroyed)

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64
Q

When an enzyme denatures - what does this mean for the enzyme?

A

The bonds holding the enzyme together break and the enzyme begins to unravel

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65
Q

What shape are enzymes said to have?

A

globular

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66
Q

Are catalysts used up in the reaction?

A

No - left unchanged

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67
Q

Name the special site on the enzyme where the reaction takes place

A

active site

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68
Q

What is the name of the molecule that binds at the active site?

A

substrate

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69
Q

Can any substrate bind any enzyme?

A

No - active sites have a specific shape

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70
Q

What makes all enzymes different/unique?

A

They are all folded into a unique shape

Their active site is specific to the enzyme

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71
Q

When an enzyme binds to the substrate what is formed?

A

enzyme-substrate complex

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72
Q

pH protease enzymes work best in in the stomach?

A

pH1-2

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73
Q

Chemical used to detect starch?

A

iodine

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74
Q

colour change observed if starch is present?

A

brown to black

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75
Q

In an experiment it is important to control certain variables why?

A

To make it a fair test

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76
Q

The rate of a reaction is..

A

a measure of how something changes over time

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77
Q

Digestion breaks down large insoluble molecules into..

A

small soluble ones (that can be absorbed)

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78
Q

Amylase is made in 3 places - name them

A

pancreas

salivary gland

small intestine

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79
Q

Protease are made in which organs?

A

pancreas

small intestine

stomach

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80
Q

Lipases are made in which organs?

A

pancreas

small intestine

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81
Q

name the acid in the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid

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82
Q

what does emulsify mean?

A

break down into tinier droplets

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83
Q

What chemical is used to test for sugars?

A

Benedicts

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84
Q

How do you test for sugar in a sample of food?

A

dissolve in water

add benedicts

heat for 5 minutes in a water bath

observe colour change

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85
Q

a sample of food containing a lot of sugar will turn benedicts solution from blue to…

A

red

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86
Q

A negative test for sugar using benedicts will ….

A

stay blue (no sugar is present)

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87
Q

The chemical used to test for proteins…

A

biuret solution

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88
Q

Foods that contain protein include

A

milk, meat, cheese

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89
Q

starchy foods include

A

bread rice pasta

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90
Q

to test for proteins you …

A

dissolve food sample in water

add equal volume of biuret solution

observe colour change

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91
Q

A positive test for protein using biuret will turn

A

purple/lilac

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92
Q

Lipids (fats) are found in

A

cheese, chocolate, butter

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93
Q

To test for lipids you…

A

Grind up food sample

add ethanol

transfer food and ethanol sample to water

look for a white layer/precipitate

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94
Q
A
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95
Q

Where in the body are the lungs located?

A

top part of body -thorax

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96
Q

Name the sheet of muscle that lies underneath the lungs in the respiratory system

A

diaphragm

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97
Q

What structure makes up the lungs?

A

alveoli

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98
Q

Name the organs that the air flows through in the respiratory system

A

mouth - wind pipe - bronchus - bronchioles - alveoli

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99
Q

The trachea branches into …

A

bronchus

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100
Q

The bronchus branch into

A

bronchioles

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101
Q

The bronchioles end in the …

A

alveoli

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102
Q

Another name for the windpipe is

A

tranchea

103
Q

Which structure inside the respiratory system carries out gas exchange?

A

alveoli

104
Q

The blood arriving at the alveoli contains a high concentration of which gas?

A

carbon dioxide

105
Q

The blood arriving at the alveoli contains a low concentration of which gas?

A

oxygen

106
Q

Blood leaving the alveoli contains a high concentration of which gas?

A

oxygen

107
Q

Blood leaving the alveoli contains a low concentration of which gas?

A

carbon dioxide

108
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

109
Q

What type of blood is carried in the pulmonary artery?

A

deoxygenated

110
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary vein

111
Q

How many chambers are there in the heart?

A

4

112
Q

Name the top two chambers in the heart

A

atria (pl) atrium (singular)

113
Q

Name the bottom two chambers of the heart

A

ventricles

114
Q

which side of the heart pumps to the body?

A

left

115
Q

which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

A

right

116
Q

Which side of the heart has a thicker muscle?

A

left

117
Q

The left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall, why is this necessary?

A

pumps blood at greater distance (all over body) thicker muscles generates a stronger force of contraction

118
Q

When gases are exchanged in the lungs how to the gases move (by what process?)

A

diffusion - from a high to a low concentration

119
Q

What is meant by a double circulatory system?

A

2 circuits joined together - body and lungs

120
Q

The main artery in the heart that carries blood away from the heart and to the body is called?

A

aorta

121
Q

The main vein in the heart taking IN blood that has been around the body

A

vena cava

122
Q

The vena cava contains deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?

A

deoxygenated blood

123
Q

The heart is an o…

A

organ

124
Q

The walls of the heart are made mainly of

A

muscle tissue

125
Q

The function of valves in the heart is to

A

prevent blood flowing backwards

126
Q

When the atria contract where does the blood flow to?

A

into the ventricles

127
Q

When the ventricles contract where does the blood flow to?

A

out of the heart into either the aorta or pulmonary artery

128
Q

The heart has its own supply of oxygenated blood which blood vessels supply this?

A

coronary arteries

129
Q

The resting heart rate is controlled by?

A

a group of cells in the right atrium

130
Q

The cells which control the heart rate act as a p..

A

pacemaker

131
Q

If a persons natural pacemaker in the heart doesn’t work what is used instead?

A

an artificial pacemaker

132
Q

Arteries carry blood…

A

Away from the heart

133
Q

Veins carry blood…

A

INto the heart

134
Q

Capillaries are described as…

A

exchange surfaces - connect arteries and veins

135
Q

What is the pressure like in an artery?

A

high

136
Q

What types of tissues do you find in an artery?

A

lots of muscle and elastic

137
Q

The artery wall is very weak - true or false?

A

false - its very strong

138
Q

The size of the lumen in an artery is…

A

small

139
Q

The elastic tissue in the artery is helpful because?

A

it allows the artery to stretch and spring back

140
Q

Which is the smallest blood vessel?

A

capillaries - 1 cell thick

141
Q

Special features of capillaries include…

A
  1. one cell thick 2. permeable walls 3. carry blood close to every cell
142
Q

How much muscle and elastic do you find in a vein

A

very little - large lumen

143
Q

Which blood vessel contains valves?

A

veins

144
Q

Blood pressure in a vein is high or low?

A

very low

145
Q

blood vessels are described as organs why?

A

made up of more than 1 type of tissue

146
Q

Blood is composed of which cells?

A

red blood cells white blood cells platlets

147
Q

Blood cells in blood are suspended in what liquid?

A

plasma

148
Q

Job of a red blood cell?

A

carry oxygen around the body from lungs

149
Q

The shape of a red blood cell is?

A

biconcave (dents on both sides)

150
Q

Why is the shape of the red blood cells a good adaptation?

A

provides a large surface area for absorbing oxygen

151
Q

The red blood cell is packed full of what chemical?

A

haemoglobin

152
Q

What do red blood cells not have that all other cells do have?

A

nucleus - more room for haemoglobin

153
Q

When in the lungs the RBC picks up oxygen what does the haemoglobin become?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

154
Q

White blood cells function is..?

A

defence against disease

155
Q

Phagocytosis is

A

the engulfing of pathogens by WBC

156
Q

WBC produce this protein molecule that is specific to the antigen on a pathgen?

A

antibodies

157
Q

what other chemical do WBC produce that neutralises toxins?

A

anti-toxins

158
Q

Which chemical produced by WBC destroys the pathogen - antitoxins or antibodies?

A

antibodies

159
Q

Small fragments of cells are called

A

platelets

160
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus?

A

no - so they are like RBC`

161
Q

The role pf platelets is?

A

blood clotting

162
Q

Lack of platelets would cause…?

A

bleeding and bruising

163
Q

What colour is plasma

A

yellow straw colour

164
Q

Other than special cells what else is carried in the plasma?

A

carbon dioxide urea glucose amino acids hormones proteins antibodies and antitoxins

165
Q

This piece of medical equipment widens arteries and keeps arteries open to allow more blood to flow

A

stents

166
Q

Coronary heart disease is when

A

coronary arteries that supply the heart get blocked

167
Q

A blockage in a coronary will cause the cells in that part of the heart to die (heart attack) - why?

A

lack of blood carrying oxygen and glucose (so no respiration)

168
Q

Lack of oxygen to heart muscles causes a

A

heart attack

169
Q

Patients can develop blood clots from stents - these blood clots are called

A

thrombosis

170
Q

Where is cholesterol produced?

A

liver

171
Q

Too much cholesterol is bad? true or false

A

true

172
Q

What happens to the excess cholesterol in the blood?

A

gets deposited on artery wall

173
Q

Cholesterol is carried in the b…

A

blood

174
Q

Name the drug that helps to lower blood cholesterol

A

statins

175
Q

What organ do the statins act on?

A

liver

176
Q

Faulty valves can be replaced with one of two types of valves…

A

biological (pigs) or mechanical (man-made)

177
Q

What might cause valves in the heart to become faulty?

A

old age infection heart attacks

178
Q

If someone has a faulty heart, what are the options?

A

heart transplant or an artificial heart

179
Q

Is an artificial heart a permanent solution?

A

no

180
Q

What are the problems with heart transplants?

A

major risk of surgery - bleeding heart could be rejected have to take suppressant drugs

181
Q

What are the advantages to artificial hearts?

A

no risk of major surgery no risk of rejection

182
Q

What are the problems with artificial hearts?

A

electric motor could fail blood doesn’t flow smoothly through = blood clots risk of strokes patients have to take drugs to thin blood

183
Q

Advantages of heart transplant

A

saves a life

184
Q

Fill in the missing label

A

aorta

185
Q

Fill in the missing label

A

left ventricle

186
Q

Fill in the missing label

A

pulmonary artery

187
Q

Fill in the missing label

A

pulmonary vein

188
Q

Fill in the missing label

A

right atrium

189
Q

Name the part of the blood vessel the blood flows through

A

Lumen

190
Q

What does the lumen get layered with in a diseased artery?

A

cholesterol

191
Q

Name the cell

A

red blood cell

192
Q

name the blood cell in the middle

A

white blood cell

193
Q

name the blood cell on the right

A

platelet

194
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
195
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
196
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
197
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
198
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
199
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
200
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
201
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
202
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
203
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
204
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
205
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
206
Q

Identify the missing label.

A
207
Q

The state of physical and mental well being - what is being described?

A

health

208
Q

Diseases can be communicable or…

A

non communicable

209
Q

Communicable diseases are disease that

A

can spread

210
Q

Communicable diseases are caused by

A

bacteria, virus and fungi

211
Q

Communicable diseases are contagious or infectious what does this mean?

A

you can catch it/it can spread

212
Q

Diseases that cannot spread from person to person are described as

A

non communicable diseases

213
Q

non communicable diseases are caused by a pathogen? true or false?

A

false

214
Q

A disease causing microbe

A

pathogen

215
Q

A person with weakened immune system is vulnerable to

A

infection (a communicable disease)

216
Q

Hepatitis virus can cause

A

liver cancer

217
Q

HPV infection can cause

A

cervical cancer

218
Q

Individuals suffering from physical healthy problems are at risk of

A

depression

219
Q

Factors that can affect a persons health?

A

diet
stress
life situation

220
Q

what is a risk factor for disease?

A

something that increases your chances of getting the disease

221
Q

Risk factors guarantee you will get the disease - True or false?

A

FALSE

222
Q

Risk factors for heart disease

A

diet
smoking
lack exercise
stress

223
Q

In developed counteries non-communicable diseases are more common - why?

A

higher income - buy high fat food

224
Q

In deprived areas what issues are there concerning health?

A

more likely to smoke
poor diet
less active

225
Q

Smoking has been proven to cause which diseases?

A

cardiovascular, lung, lung cancer

226
Q

Obesity has been directly linked to which disease?

A

type 2 diabetes

227
Q

A diabetic struggles to control what in their body?

A

glucose

228
Q

What hormone is released to control glucose levels?

A

insulin

229
Q

Is it safe to smoke and drink during pregnancy?

A

NO

230
Q

Exposure to radiation can increase the risk of developing…

A

cancer

231
Q

chemicals which increase the risk of cancer are known as…?

A

carcinogens

232
Q

Does a correlation between a risk factor and a disease PROVE it causes the disease?

A

NO - its just a correlation!!

233
Q

How would a scientist PROVE a risk factor causes disease?

A

carry out experiments

234
Q

Is it cheap or expensive to treat non communicable diseases?

A

very expensive

235
Q

Uncontrolled cell growth is known as….?

A

tumour

236
Q

Are all tumous cancerous?

A

no

237
Q

Name the two types of tumours

A

benign and malignant

238
Q

This type of tumour grows until there is no more room

A

benign

239
Q

This type of tumour doesnt spread

A

benign

240
Q

This type of tumour is not cancerous

A

benign

241
Q

This type of tumour doesnt invase other cells

A

benign

242
Q

This tumour grows and invades other tissues and cells

A

malignant

243
Q

This type of tumour can break off and invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body

A

malignant

244
Q

when a malignant tumour breaks off and travels in the blood to another part of the body it forms a …?

A

secondary tumour

245
Q

This type of tumour is dangerous

A

malignant

246
Q

This type of tumour is cancerous

A

malignant

247
Q

Survival rates of cancer have increase because of what reasons?

A

screening susceptible people
advances in treatment
earlier diagnosis

248
Q

Smoking is a risk factors for which type of cancer?

A

lung cancer (mouth/stomach/bowel)

249
Q

which risk factor is associated with lung cancer?

A

smoking

250
Q

Obesity is a risk factors associated with which type of cancer?

A

bowel/liver/kidney

251
Q

What risk factor is associated with skin cancer?

A

UV exposure

252
Q

Which type of people are at risk of developing skin cancer?

A

people living in sunnier climate
people who spend a lot of time outside
sun bed users

253
Q

Identify 5 risk factors linked with cancer

A 
smoking
obesity
viral infection (HPV/hepatitis C)
UV exposure
genetics
254
Q

Your genetics can put you at risk of certain cancers, e.g.

A

breast cancers and ovarian cancers

AQA GCSE Biology (43 decks)

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