4.2.2 animal tissues, organs, and systems (digestion, blood, heart, cancer) Flashcards
1
Q
What is a meant by a specialised cell?
A
A cell that carries out a particular function (job).
2
Q
What is meant by differentiation?
A
When a stem cell changes into a specialised cell.
3
Q
What is a stem cell?
A
An undifferentiated cell that can change into any type of cell.
4
Q
What is meant by an ‘undifferentiated cell’?
A
A cell that has not yet changed into a specialised cell (e.g. stem cells)
5
Q
Many similar cells form a…
A
tissue
5
Q
A
6
Q
Many tissues form an…
A
organ
7
Q
Many organs form an…
A
organ system
8
Q
Many organ systems form an…
A
organism
9
Q
When does differentiation occur in multicellular organisms?
A
During the development (in the uterus/womb)
10
Q
What is meant by a multicellular organism?
A
An organism that is made from many different types of specialised cells.
11
Q
Why do large multicellular organisms require organ systems?
A
To transport materials.
To exchange materials.
12
Q
Name the 3 types of tissue that form the stomach (organ).
A
Epithelial tissue
Glandular tissue
Muscular tissue
13
Q
What is the function of epithelial tissue in the stomach?
A
It covers the stomach like a skin.
14
Q
What is the function of muscular tissue in the stomach?
A
It contracts to allow the stomach to churn food.
15
Q
What is the function of glandular tissue in the stomach?
A
It secretes digestive enzymes that break down food.
16
Q
What is the function of glandular tissue?
A
It secretes enzymes.
It secretes hormones.
17
Q
Identify the organ system
A
Digestive System
18
Q
Identify the organ.
A
19
Q
Identify the organ.
A
20
Q
Identify the organ.
A
21
Q
Identify the organ.
A
22
Q
Identify the organ.
A
23
Q
Identify the organ.
A
24
Identify the organ.
25
Identify the organ.
26
what organ produces digestive juices
glands e.g. pancreas, salivary gland
27
where in the digestive system does digestion take place?
mouth
stomach
small intestine
28
amylase breaks down
starch
29
what is starch broken down into?
glucose
30
protease breaks down?
proteins
31
proteins are broken down into
amino acids
32
fats are broken down by
lipase
33
fats are broken down into?
fatty acid
glycerol
34
digested food is absorbed where?
small intestine
35
water is absorbed where in the digestive system?
large intestine
36
digestion of starch takes place in which organ?
mouth
small intestine
37
digestion of proteins takes place in which organs?
stomach
small intestine
38
Fats are digested in which organ?
small intestine
39
what type of substance is bile?
alkali
40
bile is made in which organ?
liver
41
The role of bile in digestion is?
to neutralise stomach acid
emulsify the fats into droplets
42
Why is it important that the bile is added as the food leaves the stomach?
to prevent the acid contents denaturing enzymes in the small intestine
43
What organs in the digestive system does the food NOT pass through?
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
44
Where does digestion begin?
Mouth
45
How are the small intestines adapted for absorption?
Folds called villi increase surface area
villi are thin
villi have an extensive blood supply
46
Where is all the undigested food stored?
rectum
47
Where does the undigested food leave the body from?
anus
48
What is the glucose absorbed in digestion used for?
delivered to our cells and used in respiration
49
What are the amino acids absorbed in digestion used for?
to make new proteins
50
Where are new proteins made in a cell?
at the ribosomes
51
organ systems work together to form
organisms
52
Where is bile stored?
gall bladder
53
How are proteins different to amino acids?
proteins are large and insoluble
amino acids are small and soluble
54
How is starch different to glucose?
starch is large and insoluble
glucose is small and soluble
55
proteases, lipases and amylases are all what type of molecule?
enzymes
56
what are enzymes made from?
protein
57
What is an enzyme?
Protein molecule that acts as a biological catalayst
58
What does an enzyme do in the body?
control and speed up the rate of chemical reactions e.g. respiration
59
Enzymes are affected by
pH
temperature
60
True or false enzymes are living
FALSE
61
You can increase the speed of an enzyme controlled reaction by doing what?
raising the temperature
62
If the temperature gets too hot for enzymes, what happens to the reaction its controlling?
slows down and eventually will stop
63
If enzymes get too hot what happens to the enzyme?
they begin to denature (destroyed)
64
When an enzyme denatures - what does this mean for the enzyme?
The bonds holding the enzyme together break and the enzyme begins to unravel
65
What shape are enzymes said to have?
globular
66
Are catalysts used up in the reaction?
No - left unchanged
67
Name the special site on the enzyme where the reaction takes place
active site
68
What is the name of the molecule that binds at the active site?
substrate
69
Can any substrate bind any enzyme?
No - active sites have a specific shape
70
What makes all enzymes different/unique?
They are all folded into a unique shape
Their active site is specific to the enzyme
71
When an enzyme binds to the substrate what is formed?
enzyme-substrate complex
72
pH protease enzymes work best in in the stomach?
pH1-2
73
Chemical used to detect starch?
iodine
74
colour change observed if starch is present?
brown to black
75
In an experiment it is important to control certain variables why?
To make it a fair test
76
The rate of a reaction is..
a measure of how something changes over time
77
Digestion breaks down large insoluble molecules into..
small soluble ones (that can be absorbed)
78
Amylase is made in 3 places - name them
pancreas
salivary gland
small intestine
79
Protease are made in which organs?
pancreas
small intestine
stomach
80
Lipases are made in which organs?
pancreas
small intestine
81
name the acid in the stomach
hydrochloric acid
82
what does emulsify mean?
break down into tinier droplets
83
What chemical is used to test for sugars?
Benedicts
84
How do you test for sugar in a sample of food?
dissolve in water
add benedicts
heat for 5 minutes in a water bath
observe colour change
85
a sample of food containing a lot of sugar will turn benedicts solution from blue to...
red
86
A negative test for sugar using benedicts will ....
stay blue (no sugar is present)
87
The chemical used to test for proteins...
biuret solution
88
Foods that contain protein include
milk, meat, cheese
89
starchy foods include
bread rice pasta
90
to test for proteins you ...
dissolve food sample in water
add equal volume of biuret solution
observe colour change
91
A positive test for protein using biuret will turn
purple/lilac
92
Lipids (fats) are found in
cheese, chocolate, butter
93
To test for lipids you...
Grind up food sample
add ethanol
transfer food and ethanol sample to water
look for a white layer/precipitate
94
95
Where in the body are the lungs located?
top part of body -thorax
96
Name the sheet of muscle that lies underneath the lungs in the respiratory system
diaphragm
97
What structure makes up the lungs?
alveoli
98
Name the organs that the air flows through in the respiratory system
mouth - wind pipe - bronchus - bronchioles - alveoli
99
The trachea branches into ...
bronchus
100
The bronchus branch into
bronchioles
101
The bronchioles end in the ...
alveoli
102
Another name for the windpipe is
tranchea
103
Which structure inside the respiratory system carries out gas exchange?
alveoli
104
The blood arriving at the alveoli contains a high concentration of which gas?
carbon dioxide
105
The blood arriving at the alveoli contains a low concentration of which gas?
oxygen
106
Blood leaving the alveoli contains a high concentration of which gas?
oxygen
107
Blood leaving the alveoli contains a low concentration of which gas?
carbon dioxide
108
Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary artery
109
What type of blood is carried in the pulmonary artery?
deoxygenated
110
Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary vein
111
How many chambers are there in the heart?
4
112
Name the top two chambers in the heart
atria (pl) atrium (singular)
113
Name the bottom two chambers of the heart
ventricles
114
which side of the heart pumps to the body?
left
115
which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
right
116
Which side of the heart has a thicker muscle?
left
117
The left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall, why is this necessary?
pumps blood at greater distance (all over body) thicker muscles generates a stronger force of contraction
118
When gases are exchanged in the lungs how to the gases move (by what process?)
diffusion - from a high to a low concentration
119
What is meant by a double circulatory system?
2 circuits joined together - body and lungs
120
The main artery in the heart that carries blood away from the heart and to the body is called?
aorta
121
The main vein in the heart taking IN blood that has been around the body
vena cava
122
The vena cava contains deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?
deoxygenated blood
123
The heart is an o...
organ
124
The walls of the heart are made mainly of
muscle tissue
125
The function of valves in the heart is to
prevent blood flowing backwards
126
When the atria contract where does the blood flow to?
into the ventricles
127
When the ventricles contract where does the blood flow to?
out of the heart into either the aorta or pulmonary artery
128
The heart has its own supply of oxygenated blood which blood vessels supply this?
coronary arteries
129
The resting heart rate is controlled by?
a group of cells in the right atrium
130
The cells which control the heart rate act as a p..
pacemaker
131
If a persons natural pacemaker in the heart doesn't work what is used instead?
an artificial pacemaker
132
Arteries carry blood...
Away from the heart
133
Veins carry blood...
INto the heart
134
Capillaries are described as...
exchange surfaces - connect arteries and veins
135
What is the pressure like in an artery?
high
136
What types of tissues do you find in an artery?
lots of muscle and elastic
137
The artery wall is very weak - true or false?
false - its very strong
138
The size of the lumen in an artery is...
small
139
The elastic tissue in the artery is helpful because?
it allows the artery to stretch and spring back
140
Which is the smallest blood vessel?
capillaries - 1 cell thick
141
Special features of capillaries include...
1. one cell thick 2. permeable walls 3. carry blood close to every cell
142
How much muscle and elastic do you find in a vein
very little - large lumen
143
Which blood vessel contains valves?
veins
144
Blood pressure in a vein is high or low?
very low
145
blood vessels are described as organs why?
made up of more than 1 type of tissue
146
Blood is composed of which cells?
red blood cells white blood cells platlets
147
Blood cells in blood are suspended in what liquid?
plasma
148
Job of a red blood cell?
carry oxygen around the body from lungs
149
The shape of a red blood cell is?
biconcave (dents on both sides)
150
Why is the shape of the red blood cells a good adaptation?
provides a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
151
The red blood cell is packed full of what chemical?
haemoglobin
152
What do red blood cells not have that all other cells do have?
nucleus - more room for haemoglobin
153
When in the lungs the RBC picks up oxygen what does the haemoglobin become?
oxyhaemoglobin
154
White blood cells function is..?
defence against disease
155
Phagocytosis is
the engulfing of pathogens by WBC
156
WBC produce this protein molecule that is specific to the antigen on a pathgen?
antibodies
157
what other chemical do WBC produce that neutralises toxins?
anti-toxins
158
Which chemical produced by WBC destroys the pathogen - antitoxins or antibodies?
antibodies
159
Small fragments of cells are called
platelets
160
Do platelets have a nucleus?
no - so they are like RBC`
161
The role pf platelets is?
blood clotting
162
Lack of platelets would cause...?
bleeding and bruising
163
What colour is plasma
yellow straw colour
164
Other than special cells what else is carried in the plasma?
carbon dioxide urea glucose amino acids hormones proteins antibodies and antitoxins
165
This piece of medical equipment widens arteries and keeps arteries open to allow more blood to flow
stents
166
Coronary heart disease is when
coronary arteries that supply the heart get blocked
167
A blockage in a coronary will cause the cells in that part of the heart to die (heart attack) - why?
lack of blood carrying oxygen and glucose (so no respiration)
168
Lack of oxygen to heart muscles causes a
heart attack
169
Patients can develop blood clots from stents - these blood clots are called
thrombosis
170
Where is cholesterol produced?
liver
171
Too much cholesterol is bad? true or false
true
172
What happens to the excess cholesterol in the blood?
gets deposited on artery wall
173
Cholesterol is carried in the b...
blood
174
Name the drug that helps to lower blood cholesterol
statins
175
What organ do the statins act on?
liver
176
Faulty valves can be replaced with one of two types of valves...
biological (pigs) or mechanical (man-made)
177
What might cause valves in the heart to become faulty?
old age infection heart attacks
178
If someone has a faulty heart, what are the options?
heart transplant or an artificial heart
179
Is an artificial heart a permanent solution?
no
180
What are the problems with heart transplants?
major risk of surgery - bleeding heart could be rejected have to take suppressant drugs
181
What are the advantages to artificial hearts?
no risk of major surgery no risk of rejection
182
What are the problems with artificial hearts?
electric motor could fail blood doesn't flow smoothly through = blood clots risk of strokes patients have to take drugs to thin blood
183
Advantages of heart transplant
saves a life
184
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aorta
185
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left ventricle
186
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pulmonary artery
187
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pulmonary vein
188
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right atrium
189
Name the part of the blood vessel the blood flows through
Lumen
190
What does the lumen get layered with in a diseased artery?
cholesterol
191
Name the cell
red blood cell
192
name the blood cell in the middle
white blood cell
193
name the blood cell on the right
platelet
194
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207
The state of physical and mental well being - what is being described?
health
208
Diseases can be communicable or...
non communicable
209
Communicable diseases are disease that
can spread
210
Communicable diseases are caused by
bacteria, virus and fungi
211
Communicable diseases are contagious or infectious what does this mean?
you can catch it/it can spread
212
Diseases that cannot spread from person to person are described as
non communicable diseases
213
non communicable diseases are caused by a pathogen? true or false?
false
214
A disease causing microbe
pathogen
215
A person with weakened immune system is vulnerable to
infection (a communicable disease)
216
Hepatitis virus can cause
liver cancer
217
HPV infection can cause
cervical cancer
218
Individuals suffering from physical healthy problems are at risk of
depression
219
Factors that can affect a persons health?
diet
stress
life situation
220
what is a risk factor for disease?
something that increases your chances of getting the disease
221
Risk factors guarantee you will get the disease - True or false?
FALSE
222
Risk factors for heart disease
diet
smoking
lack exercise
stress
223
In developed counteries non-communicable diseases are more common - why?
higher income - buy high fat food
224
In deprived areas what issues are there concerning health?
more likely to smoke
poor diet
less active
225
Smoking has been proven to cause which diseases?
cardiovascular, lung, lung cancer
226
Obesity has been directly linked to which disease?
type 2 diabetes
227
A diabetic struggles to control what in their body?
glucose
228
What hormone is released to control glucose levels?
insulin
229
Is it safe to smoke and drink during pregnancy?
NO
230
Exposure to radiation can increase the risk of developing...
cancer
231
chemicals which increase the risk of cancer are known as...?
carcinogens
232
Does a correlation between a risk factor and a disease PROVE it causes the disease?
NO - its just a correlation!!
233
How would a scientist PROVE a risk factor causes disease?
carry out experiments
234
Is it cheap or expensive to treat non communicable diseases?
very expensive
235
Uncontrolled cell growth is known as....?
tumour
236
Are all tumous cancerous?
no
237
Name the two types of tumours
benign and malignant
238
This type of tumour grows until there is no more room
benign
239
This type of tumour doesnt spread
benign
240
This type of tumour is not cancerous
benign
241
This type of tumour doesnt invase other cells
benign
242
This tumour grows and invades other tissues and cells
malignant
243
This type of tumour can break off and invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body
malignant
244
when a malignant tumour breaks off and travels in the blood to another part of the body it forms a ...?
secondary tumour
245
This type of tumour is dangerous
malignant
246
This type of tumour is cancerous
malignant
247
Survival rates of cancer have increase because of what reasons?
screening susceptible people
advances in treatment
earlier diagnosis
248
Smoking is a risk factors for which type of cancer?
lung cancer (mouth/stomach/bowel)
249
which risk factor is associated with lung cancer?
smoking
250
Obesity is a risk factors associated with which type of cancer?
bowel/liver/kidney
251
What risk factor is associated with skin cancer?
UV exposure
252
Which type of people are at risk of developing skin cancer?
people living in sunnier climate
people who spend a lot of time outside
sun bed users
253
Identify 5 risk factors linked with cancer
```
smoking
obesity
viral infection (HPV/hepatitis C)
UV exposure
genetics
```
254
Your genetics can put you at risk of certain cancers, e.g.
breast cancers and ovarian cancers
