4.5.3 hormonal coordination in humans

Question 1

Which two hormones control the level of glucose in the blood?

Answer 1

Insulin and glucagon

Question 2

What is glucose stored as in animals?

Answer 2

Glycogen

Question 3

How is glucose added to the blood?

Answer 3

Eating Carbohydrates

Question 4

how is glucose removed from the blood?

Answer 4

Cell metabolism, which is faster during exercise

Question 5

Where is excess glucose stored?

Answer 5

In the liver and muscles

Question 6

Why do animals store glucose as glycogen?

Answer 6

It is insoluble and compact

Question 7

Changes to blood glucose concentration are monitored and controlled by which organ?

Answer 7

Pancreas

Question 8

What is Negative feedback?

Answer 8

A response that brings a condition back to its optimum level e.g. insulin release brings glucose down to optimum.

Question 9

When blood glucose levels increase, which hormone is released by the pancreas?

Answer 9

Insulin

Question 10

When blood glucose levels decrease, which hormone is released by the pancreas?

Answer 10

Glucagon

hint: the ‘glucose-a-gone’

Question 11

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 11

Causes the liver and muscle cells to remove glucose from the blood and store is as glycogen.

Question 12

What is the function of glucagon?

Answer 12

Causes the liver to convert stores glycogen back into glucose and release it into the blood

Question 13

What is the name of the condition in which affects the persona ability to control blood glucose levels.

Answer 13

Diabetes

Question 14

What are the two forms of diabetes called?

Answer 14

Type 1 and type 2

Question 15

In which type of diabetes does the pancreas produce little or no insulin?

Answer 15

Type 1

Question 16

What does it mean if someone suffering from type 1 diabetes is receiving insulin therapy?

Answer 16

Several insulin injections per day

Question 17

Does a type 1 diabetes patient always inject the same amount of insulin? why?

Answer 17

The amount varies depending on diet and level of exercise

Question 18

A person with diabetes should take into account which two factors in their daily routine (aside from how much insulin they inject)?

Answer 18

Their carbohydrate intake and activity level

Question 19

In which type of diabetes does the person become resistant to their own insulin?

Answer 19

Type 2

Question 20

Does a type 2 diabetes patient still produce insulin from the pancreas?

Answer 20

Yes (it just is not recognised by the body)

Question 21

What is the risk main factors for developing Type two diabetes?

Answer 21

Being overweight (especially obese)

Question 22

How do type 2 diabetes patients usually control their blood sugar levels

Answer 22

Carbohydrate-controlled diet and regular exercise

Question 23

How does someone develop type 1 diabetes?

Answer 23

It is genetic

Question 24

Is diabetes a communicable disease?

Answer 24

No (it cannot be transmitted to those around a diabetes patient)

Question 25

What is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 25

the monthly release of an egg from a woman's ovaries

Question 26

At puberty what sort of hormones begin to be produced?

Answer 26

sex hormones

Question 27

Which hormone is produced in women in at puberty?

Answer 27

oestrogen is produced in the ovaries

Question 28

Which hormone is produced in men in at puberty?

Answer 28

testosterone is produced in the testes

Question 29

Oestrogen is involved in which cycle?

Answer 29

menstrual cycle

Question 30

Testosterone causes which cell to be produced by the testes?

Answer 30

sperm

Question 31

What happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 31

uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days

Question 32

What happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 32

uterus lining builds up again (day 4-14)

Question 33

What happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 33

an egg develops and is released at day 14

Question 34

What happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 34

the uterus lining is maintained from day 14 to day 28

Question 35

What is the release of an egg from the ovaries called?

Answer 35

ovulation

Question 36

What happens after day 28 o the menstrual cycle if not egg is fertilised

Answer 36

stage 1 - uterus lining breaks down and comes out of the body (period)

Question 37

FSH has two jobs, what are they?

Answer 37

- causes an egg to mature (in a follicle) in one of the ovaries - causes the ovaries to produce oestrogen

Question 38

Oestrogen has three jobs, what are they?

Answer 38

- causes the lining of the uterus to grow - stimulates (causes) the release of LH from the pituitary gland - inhibits (stops) production of FSH from the pituitary gland

Question 39

LH has one jobs, what is it?

Answer 39

- stimulates (causes) the release of an egg form the ovary at day 14

Question 40

Progesterone has two jobs, what are they?

Answer 40

- maintains the ulerus lining for the 2nd half of the cycle | - inhibits (stops) FSH and LH production

Question 41

Where is FSH produced?

Answer 41

pituitary gland

Question 42

Where is LH produced?

Answer 42

pituitary gland

Question 43

Where is oestrogen produced?

Answer 43

ovaries

Question 44

Where is progesterone produced?

Answer 44

in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after egg release

Question 45

How is pregnancy prevented if a man and woman have sex?

Answer 45

contraception

Question 46

Why is oestrogen used in contraceptive methods?

Answer 46

it inhibits FHS so no eggs develop

Question 47

Why is progesterone used in contraceptive methods?

Answer 47

it causes a thick mucus to prevent sperm reaching the egg

Question 48

What sort of contraceptive is the combined contraceptive pill (with oestrogen and progesterone)?

Answer 48

Oral contraceptive

Question 49

How effective is the pill as a contraceptive?

Answer 49

99%

Question 50

What are the side effects of using the pill?

Answer 50

Headaches and nausea

Question 51

Does the oral combined contraceptive pill protect against STI's?

Answer 51

No

Question 52

Why might some women take the progesterone only pill?

Answer 52

it has fewer side effects

Question 53

Other than the pill, what other forms of contraception use hormones?

Answer 53

- contraceptive patch (oestrogen and progesterone), lasts 1 week - implant (progesterone only), lasts 3 years - injection (progesterone only), lasts 2-3 months - intrauterine device (IUD) inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent the egg from implanting

Question 54

What are the two types of IUD?

Answer 54

- plastic - release progesterone | - copper - kill sperm

Question 55

What form of barrier methods can be used as contraception?

Answer 55

male or female condoms

Question 56

Do condoms prevent STI transmission during sex?

Answer 56

Yes

Question 57

Where does a contraceptive diaphragm need to be positioned?

Answer 57

over the cervix (entrance to uterus)

Question 58

What substance must be used with a diaphragm, or can be used on its own to kill sperm?

Answer 58

spermicide

Question 59

How effective is using spermicide along as a contraceptive?

Answer 59

only 70-80%

Question 60

What are the more 'drastic' methods of avoiding pregnancy?

Answer 60

- sterilisation (cutting or tieong the fallopian tubes or sperm ducts). - Natural methods which involve timing when sex occurs with when it is unlikely there will be an egg (not very successful). - abstinence (no sex)