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AQA GCSE Biology > 4.5.3 hormonal coordination in humans > Flashcards

4.5.3 hormonal coordination in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Which two hormones control the level of glucose in the blood?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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2
Q

What is glucose stored as in animals?

A

Glycogen

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3
Q

How is glucose added to the blood?

A

Eating Carbohydrates

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4
Q

how is glucose removed from the blood?

A

Cell metabolism, which is faster during exercise

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5
Q

Where is excess glucose stored?

A

In the liver and muscles

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6
Q

Why do animals store glucose as glycogen?

A

It is insoluble and compact

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7
Q

Changes to blood glucose concentration are monitored and controlled by which organ?

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

What is Negative feedback?

A

A response that brings a condition back to its optimum level e.g. insulin release brings glucose down to optimum.

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9
Q

When blood glucose levels increase, which hormone is released by the pancreas?

A

Insulin

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10
Q

When blood glucose levels decrease, which hormone is released by the pancreas?

A

Glucagon

hint: the ‘glucose-a-gone’

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11
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Causes the liver and muscle cells to remove glucose from the blood and store is as glycogen.

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12
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Causes the liver to convert stores glycogen back into glucose and release it into the blood

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13
Q

What is the name of the condition in which affects the persona ability to control blood glucose levels.

A

Diabetes

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14
Q

What are the two forms of diabetes called?

A

Type 1 and type 2

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15
Q

In which type of diabetes does the pancreas produce little or no insulin?

A

Type 1

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16
Q

What does it mean if someone suffering from type 1 diabetes is receiving insulin therapy?

A

Several insulin injections per day

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17
Q

Does a type 1 diabetes patient always inject the same amount of insulin? why?

A

The amount varies depending on diet and level of exercise

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18
Q

A person with diabetes should take into account which two factors in their daily routine (aside from how much insulin they inject)?

A

Their carbohydrate intake and activity level

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19
Q

In which type of diabetes does the person become resistant to their own insulin?

A

Type 2

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20
Q

Does a type 2 diabetes patient still produce insulin from the pancreas?

A

Yes (it just is not recognised by the body)

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21
Q

What is the risk main factors for developing Type two diabetes?

A

Being overweight (especially obese)

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22
Q

How do type 2 diabetes patients usually control their blood sugar levels

A

Carbohydrate-controlled diet and regular exercise

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23
Q

How does someone develop type 1 diabetes?

A

It is genetic

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24
Q

Is diabetes a communicable disease?

A

No (it cannot be transmitted to those around a diabetes patient)

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25
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

the monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ovaries

26
Q

At puberty what sort of hormones begin to be produced?

A

sex hormones

27
Q

Which hormone is produced in women in at puberty?

A

oestrogen is produced in the ovaries

28
Q

Which hormone is produced in men in at puberty?

A

testosterone is produced in the testes

29
Q

Oestrogen is involved in which cycle?

A

menstrual cycle

30
Q

Testosterone causes which cell to be produced by the testes?

A

sperm

31
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days

32
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

uterus lining builds up again (day 4-14)

33
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

an egg develops and is released at day 14

34
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

the uterus lining is maintained from day 14 to day 28

35
Q

What is the release of an egg from the ovaries called?

A

ovulation

36
Q

What happens after day 28 o the menstrual cycle if not egg is fertilised

A

stage 1 - uterus lining breaks down and comes out of the body (period)

37
Q

FSH has two jobs, what are they?

A
  • causes an egg to mature (in a follicle) in one of the ovaries
  • causes the ovaries to produce oestrogen
38
Q

Oestrogen has three jobs, what are they?

A
  • causes the lining of the uterus to grow
  • stimulates (causes) the release of LH from the pituitary gland
  • inhibits (stops) production of FSH from the pituitary gland
39
Q

LH has one jobs, what is it?

A
  • stimulates (causes) the release of an egg form the ovary at day 14
40
Q

Progesterone has two jobs, what are they?

A
  • maintains the ulerus lining for the 2nd half of the cycle

- inhibits (stops) FSH and LH production

41
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

pituitary gland

42
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

pituitary gland

43
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovaries

44
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after egg release

45
Q

How is pregnancy prevented if a man and woman have sex?

A

contraception

46
Q

Why is oestrogen used in contraceptive methods?

A

it inhibits FHS so no eggs develop

47
Q

Why is progesterone used in contraceptive methods?

A

it causes a thick mucus to prevent sperm reaching the egg

48
Q

What sort of contraceptive is the combined contraceptive pill (with oestrogen and progesterone)?

A

Oral contraceptive

49
Q

How effective is the pill as a contraceptive?

A

99%

50
Q

What are the side effects of using the pill?

A

Headaches and nausea

51
Q

Does the oral combined contraceptive pill protect against STI’s?

A

No

52
Q

Why might some women take the progesterone only pill?

A

it has fewer side effects

53
Q

Other than the pill, what other forms of contraception use hormones?

A
  • contraceptive patch (oestrogen and progesterone), lasts 1 week
  • implant (progesterone only), lasts 3 years
  • injection (progesterone only), lasts 2-3 months
  • intrauterine device (IUD) inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent the egg from implanting
54
Q

What are the two types of IUD?

A
  • plastic - release progesterone

- copper - kill sperm

55
Q

What form of barrier methods can be used as contraception?

A

male or female condoms

56
Q

Do condoms prevent STI transmission during sex?

A

Yes

57
Q

Where does a contraceptive diaphragm need to be positioned?

A

over the cervix (entrance to uterus)

58
Q

What substance must be used with a diaphragm, or can be used on its own to kill sperm?

A

spermicide

59
Q

How effective is using spermicide along as a contraceptive?

A

only 70-80%

60
Q

What are the more ‘drastic’ methods of avoiding pregnancy?

A
  • sterilisation (cutting or tieong the fallopian tubes or sperm ducts).
  • Natural methods which involve timing when sex occurs with when it is unlikely there will be an egg (not very successful).
  • abstinence (no sex)

AQA GCSE Biology (43 decks)

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