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AQA GCSE Biology > 4.1.1 cell structure > Flashcards

4.1.1 cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

label the animal cell

A
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2
Q

label the plant cell

A
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3
Q

label the bacterial cell

A
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4
Q

animal and plant cells are examples of e_____ cells

A

eukaryotic

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5
Q

bacterial cells are examples of p_____ cells

A

prokaryotic

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6
Q

• eukaryotic cells have a n_____
• prokaryotic DON’T have a n_____

A

nucleus

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7
Q

function of the nucleus?

A

• controls the activities of the cell
• contains DNA (genetic information)

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8
Q

function of cytoplasm?

A

liquid substance where chemical reactions occur

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9
Q

function of mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration to release energy

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10
Q

function of ribosome?

A

site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

function of cell membrane?

A

controls the movement of substances in and out the cell

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12
Q

function of chloroplasts?

A

• site of photosynthesis
• contains chlorophyll, which absorb light

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13
Q

function of the cell wall?

A

provides strength to the cell
• in plants and algae, it is made of cellulose
• in bacteria, it is made of peptidoglycan (also called murein)
• in fungi, it is made of chitin

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14
Q

function of the singular strand of circular DNA in bacteria?

A

carry genetic information

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15
Q

function of the plasmid?

A

small rings of DNA

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16
Q

cells specialise by undergoing d______, gaining new sub-cellular structures to suit its role

A

differentiation

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17
Q

what type of cell is this and what is its function?

A

sperm cell - specialised to carry the male’s DNA to the egg cell during reproduction for successful reproduction

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18
Q

what type of cell is this and what is its function?

A

nerve cell - specialised to transmit electrical signals from one part of the body to another

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19
Q

DNA in eukaryotic cells is arranged into C…

A

chromosomes

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20
Q

The colour of chlorophyll is

A

green

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21
Q

Specialised cells

A

have a specific shape because they have a specific fucnction

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22
Q

A source of undifferentiated cells are

A

stem cells

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23
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised to suit its function?

A

they have a tail to swim and are packed with mitochondria

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24
Q

How is a red blood cell specialised to suit its function?

A
  • no nucleus so that they can carry more oxygen
  • have haemoglobin which carries the oxygen
  • biconcave disc shape increases surface area to allow faster diffusion (of oxygen)
  • thin membrane to reduce diffusion distance to allow faster diffusion (of oxygen)
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25
Q

How is a nerve cell specialised to suit its function?

A

they are long and insulated for carrying messages all over the body

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26
Q

How is a muscle cell specialised to suit its function?

A

have many mitochondria for aerobic respiration to release energy to allow the muscle to contract and relax

27
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised to suit its function?

A

have a long thin projections which increase their surface area for absorption of water and ions from the soil

28
Q

Xylem cells function is

A

to carry water and dissolved mineral ions around the plant from the roots

29
Q

Plants lose water from their leaves in a process called

A

transpiration

30
Q

How is a xylem cell specialised to suit its function?

A

Made of dead cells, organised into tubes and that are hollow. Side walls reinforced with lignin

31
Q

Function of phloem in the plant

A

to carry sugars made in photosynthesis from the leaves all over the plant

32
Q

How is a phloem cell specialised to suit its function?

A

Phloem cells are living, contain few organelles and their end walls have small holes in them

33
Q

What term is used to describe how sugar is moved around the plant

A

translocation

34
Q

Muscles are specialised to allow for c…

A

contraction

35
Q

Sperms cells are important for r…

A

reproduction

36
Q

Nerves cells are specialised to …

A

carry electrical impulses around the body

37
Q

name the cell

A

muscle cell

38
Q

name the cell

A

root hair cell

39
Q

Name the cells that make up the tubes on the left

A

Xylem

40
Q

Name the cells that make up the tubes on the right

A

phloem

41
Q

To prepare a cell for viewing you need

A

a glass slide, cover slip and a stain

42
Q

Magnification is

A

how much bigger the object appears under the microscope

43
Q

How do you calculate total magnification

A

magnification of eye piece lens x magnification of objective lens

44
Q

Why does the specimen have stain placed upon it before covering with a cover-slip?

A

to stain the cell organelles so that we can view it better under the microscope

45
Q

Name the two types of microscopes

A

light and electron microscope

46
Q

Electron microscopes are better than light microscopes because

A

they have a greater magnification and resolution

47
Q

Resolution is

A

the ability to distinguish two points as separate

48
Q

1mm is equal to how many um

A

1000um

49
Q

1m is equal to how many mm

A

1000mm

50
Q

If a cell is actually 60um and the image is 45000um , what is the magnification?

A

45000/60 = x750

51
Q

if a cell is 50um and the image is 25mm what is the magnification?

A

25,000/50 = x500

52
Q

How many nm in 1mm

A

1,000,000nm

53
Q

How many um in 1000nm

A

1um

54
Q

The job of a microscope is to

A

magnify the object

55
Q

Ability to distinguish as 2 points as separate is called

A

resolution

56
Q

electron microscopes use

A

electrons

57
Q

light microscopes use

A

light

58
Q

Electron microscopes are better than light microscopes because…

A

they allow you to see much smaller things in more detail e.g. mitochondria

59
Q

The higher the resolution, what happens to the image?

A

its sharper

60
Q

A specimen that is 50um wide is magnified 100x, how much bigger is the specimen now?

A

5000um = 5mm

61
Q

Why should you avoid air bubbles when preparing a glass slide for viewing?

A

obstructs view of specimen

62
Q

What is a specimen?

A

the cells you are looking at

63
Q

Why do you stain the cells you are viewing under a microscope?

A

stains highlight objects within the cell by adding colour to them

AQA GCSE Biology (43 decks)

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