4.1.1 (6A+B) - psychological construct + measuring sleep

Question 1

Psychological construct

Answer 1

An agreed upon description + understanding of a psychological phenomena that cannot be overtly measured or observed.

Question 2

Consciousness

Answer 2

The level of awareness that an individual has over their thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and existence.

Question 3

Normal waking consciousness (NWC)

Answer 3

A state of consciousness in which an individual is awake + aware.

Question 4

Altered state of consciousness (ASC)

Answer 4

A state of consciousness that is distinctly different from NWC in terms of quality of experience + levels of awareness.

Question 5

Naturally occurring ASC

Answer 5

Type of ASC that occurs without intervention (eg. sleep, daydreaming).

Question 6

Induced ASC

Answer 6

Type of ASC that occurs due to a purposeful aid or action (eg. influence of alcohol/drugs, meditation, hypnosis).

Question 7

Consciousness continuum

Answer 7

Visual representation of the different stages of consciousness that progresses from lower levels of awareness to higher levels of awareness.

Question 8

Sleep

Answer 8

A naturally occurring ASC that involves a loss of awareness and disengagement with internal + external stimuli.

Question 9

REM sleep

Answer 9

Type of sleep characterised by rapid eye movement, high levels of brain activity, + low levels of physical activity (low levels of somatic NS activity).

Question 10

NREM

Answer 10

Type of sleep characterised by a lack of rapid eye movement and can be divided into 3 stages.

Question 11

NREM 1

Answer 11

Light sleep, hypnic jerks, easily woken, hear faint sounds.

Question 12

NREM 2

Answer 12

Truly asleep, relatively light sleep, most of time spent in this stage.

Question 13

NREM 3

Answer 13

Deep sleep, difficult to wake (will feel disorientated if woken), sleep walking + talking.

Question 14

Sleep episode

Answer 14

Full duration of time spent asleep.

Question 15

Sleep cycle

Answer 15

Approximately 90-minute periods that repeat during a sleep episode in which an individual progresses through stages of REM + NREM sleep.

Question 16

Objective measures of sleep

Answer 16

Means of detecting, amplifying, and recording, the electrical activity in the brain, muscles, or the specific muscles that control eye movement (DARE).

Question 17

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Answer 17

DARE of the brain.
- Small electrodes placed on scalp to record electrical activity produced by the brain’s neurons.

Question 18

Electromyograph (EMG)

Answer 18

DARE of the muscles.
- Electrodes placed on skin above muscles to record movement + tension.

Question 19

Electroculargraph (EOG)

Answer 19

DARE of the muscles that control eye movement.
- Electrodes placed on skin above muscles to measure movement.

Question 20

Subjective measures of sleep

Answer 20

Involves data that is collected based on personal opinion + often involves self-reports (susceptible to bias + not always accurate).

Question 21

Sleep diaries

Answer 21

Self-reported records of an individual’s sleep + waking times including estimated time spent sleeping + judgments about quality + nature of sleep.

Question 22

Video monitoring

Answer 22

Use of camera + audio technologies to record as individual as they sleep.
- Measure observable + overt behaviour.