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biology new > 4.1: DNA, genes & chromosomes > Flashcards

4.1: DNA, genes & chromosomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene

A

Sequences of bases in DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide or a functional RNA

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2
Q

what is the sequence of bases in DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide or a functional RNA

A

a gene

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3
Q

What is the locus

A

position of a gene in DNA

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4
Q

what is the name for the position of a gene in DNA

A

locus

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5
Q

what does the sequence of bases in DNA determine

A

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

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6
Q

what does the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide determine

A

shape and function of a protein

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7
Q

what does the shape and function of a protein determine

A

characteristics of a cell

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8
Q

What is an allele

A

The various forms of a gene

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9
Q

Is prokaryotic DNA continuous or does it have a start/end?

A

continuous

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10
Q

Is eukaryotic DNA continuous or does it have a start/end?

A

has a start/end

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11
Q

what is the name for the various forms of a gene

A

an allele

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12
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

2 chromosomes with the same genes in the same loci

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13
Q

what are 2 chromosomes with the same genes in the same loci called

A

homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

what is a diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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15
Q

what is the name for 2 sets of chromosomes

A

a diploid

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16
Q

what is the name for the number and type of chromosomes in a cell

A

karyotype

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17
Q

what is the karyotype

A

the number and type of chromosomes in a cell

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18
Q

can you have haploid homologous chromosomes?

A

no, only diploid

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19
Q

what is a bivalent

A

a replicated homologous pair of chromosomes

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20
Q

what is the name given to a replicated homologous pair of chromosomes

A

a bivalent

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21
Q

What is the genetic code

A

sequence of nucleotides that code for a specific polypeptide

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22
Q

what is the sequence of nucleotides that code for a specific polypeptide

A

the genetic code

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23
Q

how many bases are there in DNA

A

4

24
Q

How many different amino acids are there in proteins

A

20

25
Q

What are exons in the genetic code

A

coding regions

26
Q

what are the coding regions in the genetic code

A

exons

27
Q

what are introns in the genetic code

A

non-coding regions

28
Q

what are the non-coding regions in the genetic code

A

introns

29
Q

What is the role of a STOP codon and how does it do this

A

does not code for an amino acid and therefore stops the production of a protein

30
Q

What is meant by ‘degenerate code’ in relation to the genetic code

A

each triplet codes for a specific amino acid and each amino acid may have more than one code

31
Q

what is meant by ‘non-overlapping’ in relation to the genetic code

A

each base is only read once

32
Q

what is meant by ‘universal code’ in relation to the genetic code

A

each triplet codes for the same amino acid in ALL organisms

33
Q

what is a genome

A

complete set of genes in a cell/organism

34
Q

what is a proteome

A

full set of proteins that can be made by the genome

35
Q

what is it called when there is a series of 3 consecutive bases in the DNA

A

triplet

36
Q

what is it called when there is a series of 3 consecutive bases in the mRNA

A

codon

37
Q

what is it called when there is a series of 3 consecutive bases in the tRNA

A

anticodon

38
Q

how many genes does mRNA code for

A

only one

39
Q

how many strands is mRNA

A

single stranded

40
Q

What is the relation between mRNA and DNA

A

As mRNA is transcribed from DNA, its codons are complementary to DNA’s triplets

41
Q

what does the sequence of codons on the mRNA determine

A

the sequence of amino acids brought to the ribosome by tRNA

42
Q

describe the structure of mRNA

A

relatively long helical polynucleotide

43
Q

describe the structure of tRNA

A

single stranded folded into a ‘clover leaf’ shape and relatively small. Has an amino acid attachment site (top), and has an anticodon (bottom)

44
Q

what does the anticodon on a tRNA molecule determine

A

determines which tRNA attaches to which mRNA

45
Q

how many chromosomes are in a gamete

A

23 (haploid)

46
Q

how many chromosomes are in a somatic cell

A

46 (diploid)

47
Q

state how the quantity of chromosomes in a gamete differs from that in a somatic cell

A

half in a gamete (haploid)

48
Q

What do 2 haploid gametes produce when they fertilise

A

a diploid cell

49
Q

explain the advantage of DNA being a chemically stable molecule

A

has to remain the same from generation to generation

50
Q

explain the advantage of mRNA being broken down relatively quickly

A

to be reused and avoid wasteful production of proteins

51
Q

what is the main way that eukaryotic DNA differs from prokaryotic DNA in relation to proteins

A

Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around histones whereas prokaryotic DNA is not associated with proteins

52
Q

out of eukaryote, prokaryote and mitochondrial DNA, which of these possesses introns

A

only eukaryotic DNA

53
Q

Name an organelle other than eukaryotic DNA, prokaryotic DNA and mitochondrial DNA, that has its own DNA

A

chloroplast

54
Q

Describe 3 ways in which an ATP molecule differs from a nucleotide in a DNA molecule

A

1 - ATP has 3 phosphate groups, DNA nucleotide has 1 phosphate group
2 - ATP has ribose sugar group, DNA nucleotide has deoxyribose sugar group
3 - ATP can only have adenine base, DNA nucleotide can have 4 different nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C)

55
Q

Describe the difference in structure of a deoxyribose sugar (DNA nucleotide) and a ribose sugar (ATP)

A

ribose = hydroxyl group below carbon 2 (normal)
whereas deoxyribose has hydrogen atom below carbon 2

biology new (46 decks)

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