2.4.1: Cells of the immune system

Question 1

What is a leukocyte

Answer 1

white blood cell

Question 2

what are stem cells

Answer 2

undifferentiated cells that can continually divide

Question 3

What are leukocytes derived from

Answer 3

multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 4

what are multipotent stem cells

Answer 4

stem cells that can only differentiate into blood cells but into all the different types of blood cells

Question 5

What do phagocytes do

Answer 5

see, engulf, destroy, anything that is non-self to the body

Question 6

What are the 2 types of phagocytes

Answer 6

neutrophil and macrophage

Question 7

how can you identify a neutrophil from a macrophage

Answer 7

neutrophil has a lobed nucleus whereas a macrophage has a large c-shaped nucleus

Question 8

What are the 2 types of immune responses

Answer 8

non-specific and specific

Question 9

what type of immune response do phagocytes come under and why

Answer 9

non-specific as they do not provide immunity or memory, they only kill pathogens

Question 10

what are the two types of leukocytes

Answer 10

phagocyte and lymphocyte

Question 11

how can you identify a lymphocyte from phagocytes

Answer 11

nucleus of a lymphocyte takes up most of the cell

Question 12

what is the role of lympocytes

Answer 12

to kill pathogens and memorise their antigens
capable of ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ recognition and remember

Question 13

what are the two types of lymphcytes

Answer 13

B cells and T cells

Question 14

what are the three types of T cells

Answer 14

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells

Question 15

what are the two types of B cells

Answer 15

Plasma B cells and memory B cells

Question 16

what type of immune response do lymphocytes come under

Answer 16

specific immune response

Question 17

what are antigen presenting cells

Answer 17

cells that once they kill the pathogen, they can take a section of the pathogen’s antigens and ‘present’ it on their own body. This is so other cells like helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells can identify the antigen and carry out their role

Question 18

Give 3 examples of antigen presenting cells

Answer 18

macrophages, plasma B cells, T cells

Question 19

How can you identify a B cell from a T cell

Answer 19

B cells has membrane bound antibodies whereas T cells have membrane bound receptors

Question 20

Describe the process of the maturation of T cells

Answer 20

Immature T cells divide by mitosis in the bone marrow, producing clones, in the Thymus, each T cell matures - where, the production of T cell receptors happens in the cell and then are in the T cell’s plasma membrane - mature T cells circulate, each with a different T cell receptor, some as helpers some as killers

Question 21

Describe the structure of the T cell receptors in the T cell plasma membrane

Answer 21

Proteins - tertiary structure, specific 3D structure,
H bonds, Disulphide bridges, ionic bonds (between R groups)

Question 22

Describe the process of the maturation of B cells

Answer 22

immature B cells divide by mitosis in the bone marrow, producing clones. Still in bone marrow, each B cell matures - where the production of antibody receptors happens and then are in the B cell’s plasma membrane- mature B cells circulates and concentrate in liver and spleen, each with a different antibody receptor

Question 23

Describe the structure of the B cell antibody receptors in the B cell plasma membrane

Answer 23

Tertiary globular proteins

Question 24

where in the body do T lymphocytes mature

Answer 24

Thymus gland

Question 25

where in the body do B lymphocytes mature

Answer 25

Bone marrow

Question 26

Which blood cells are responsible for the humoral immune response

Answer 26

B cells

Question 27

Which blood cells are responsible for the cellular immune response

Answer 27

T cells

Question 28

State the role of macrophages

Answer 28

engulf pathogen, antigen-presenting, patrols lymph and tissue fluid

Question 29

state the role of neutrophils

Answer 29

engulf pathogen, patrols blood