2.4.1: Cells of the immune system Flashcards
What is a leukocyte
white blood cell
what are stem cells
undifferentiated cells that can continually divide
What are leukocytes derived from
multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow
what are multipotent stem cells
stem cells that can only differentiate into blood cells but into all the different types of blood cells
What do phagocytes do
see, engulf, destroy, anything that is non-self to the body
What are the 2 types of phagocytes
neutrophil and macrophage
how can you identify a neutrophil from a macrophage
neutrophil has a lobed nucleus whereas a macrophage has a large c-shaped nucleus
What are the 2 types of immune responses
non-specific and specific
what type of immune response do phagocytes come under and why
non-specific as they do not provide immunity or memory, they only kill pathogens
what are the two types of leukocytes
phagocyte and lymphocyte
how can you identify a lymphocyte from phagocytes
nucleus of a lymphocyte takes up most of the cell
what is the role of lympocytes
to kill pathogens and memorise their antigens
capable of ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ recognition and remember
what are the two types of lymphcytes
B cells and T cells
what are the three types of T cells
Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells
what are the two types of B cells
Plasma B cells and memory B cells
what type of immune response do lymphocytes come under
specific immune response
what are antigen presenting cells
cells that once they kill the pathogen, they can take a section of the pathogen’s antigens and ‘present’ it on their own body. This is so other cells like helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells can identify the antigen and carry out their role
Give 3 examples of antigen presenting cells
macrophages, plasma B cells, T cells
How can you identify a B cell from a T cell
B cells has membrane bound antibodies whereas T cells have membrane bound receptors
Describe the process of the maturation of T cells
Immature T cells divide by mitosis in the bone marrow, producing clones, in the Thymus, each T cell matures - where, the production of T cell receptors happens in the cell and then are in the T cell’s plasma membrane - mature T cells circulate, each with a different T cell receptor, some as helpers some as killers
Describe the structure of the T cell receptors in the T cell plasma membrane
Proteins - tertiary structure, specific 3D structure,
H bonds, Disulphide bridges, ionic bonds (between R groups)
Describe the process of the maturation of B cells
immature B cells divide by mitosis in the bone marrow, producing clones. Still in bone marrow, each B cell matures - where the production of antibody receptors happens and then are in the B cell’s plasma membrane- mature B cells circulates and concentrate in liver and spleen, each with a different antibody receptor
Describe the structure of the B cell antibody receptors in the B cell plasma membrane
Tertiary globular proteins
where in the body do T lymphocytes mature
Thymus gland
where in the body do B lymphocytes mature
Bone marrow
Which blood cells are responsible for the humoral immune response
B cells
Which blood cells are responsible for the cellular immune response
T cells
State the role of macrophages
engulf pathogen, antigen-presenting, patrols lymph and tissue fluid
state the role of neutrophils
engulf pathogen, patrols blood
