2.1.1 Structure of eukaryote cells

Question 1

Label the structure of an animal cell under a light microscope

Answer 1

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus - nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus

Question 2

What is an envelope in terms of cells

Answer 2

Double membrane

Question 3

Label the structure of a plant cell under a light microscope

Answer 3

Cell wall, middle lamella, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, tonoplast, vacuole sap, nucleus - nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus

Question 4

What is the vacuole membrane in a plant cell called

Answer 4

Tonoplast

Question 5

What is inside the vacuole of a plant cell

Answer 5

Cell sap

Question 6

What is the middle lamella

Answer 6

‘Sticky substance’ that keeps the cell’s wall and membrane together
Also acts as cementing between between two cells

Question 7

Label the structure of a chloroplast

Answer 7

Chloroplast envelope, thylakoid, granum, stalked particles, starch grain, stroma

Question 8

What is a thylakoid and which eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in

Answer 8

It is found in the chloroplast, and is where the chlorophyll molecule is which is needed to absorb light for photosynthesis

Question 9

What is a granum and what eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in

Answer 9

A stack of thylakoids, found in the chloroplast

Question 10

What is the function of a chloroplast

Answer 10

Site of photosynthesis

Question 11

What is the role of stalked particles and which eukaryotic cell organelle are they found in

Answer 11

Chloroplast, they are used for ATP synthesis

Question 12

What is a starch grain and what eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in

Answer 12

Chloroplast, it is where glucose is stored

Question 13

What is the stroma and what eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in

Answer 13

The stroma is the plasma part of the chloroplast, which has ribosomes and DNA

Question 14

Label the structure of a Mitochondria

Answer 14

Mitochondrion envelope, cristae, matrix, stalked particles, ribosomes, circular DNA

Question 15

Can the chloroplast self replicate and state why

Answer 15

Yes as it contains DNA

Question 16

What is the Cristae and what eukaryotic organelle is it found in

Answer 16

Inner membrane folds for more surface area, found in mitochondrion

Question 17

What is the matrix and what eukaryotic organelle is it found in

Answer 17

Plasma part of mitochondrion

Question 18

What size are the ribosomes in a mitochondria

Answer 18

70S

Question 19

Can the mitochondrion self replicate and state why

Answer 19

Yes as it contains DNA

Question 20

What is the function of the mitochondrion

Answer 20

Formation of ATP through aerobic respiration

Question 21

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

Lipids synthesis and transport

Question 22

Label the structure of a SER

Answer 22

Cisternae

Question 23

What are Cisternae and which organelles are they found in

Answer 23

Flattened membrane bound sacs, found in the SER, RER, Golgi body

Question 24

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

Protein synthesis and transport

Question 25

Label the structure of a RER

Answer 25

Cisternae, ribosomes

Question 26

What is the function of the Golgi body

Answer 26

Chemical modification of proteins and packaging for export and secretion out of cell

Question 27

Label the structure of a Golgi body

Answer 27

Incoming transport vesicle, forming face, Cisternae, Cisternae lumen, maturing face, secretory vesicle/lysosome

Question 28

What is the Cisternae lumen

Answer 28

Hole inside any tube

Question 29

Label the structure of a centrioles

Answer 29

1 centriole contains 9 triplets of microtubules, 2 centrioles lie perpendicular to each other

Question 30

Label the structure of a lysosome

Answer 30

Membrane, hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes)

Question 31

List 3 functions of a lysosome and describe them

Answer 31

Phagocytosis - engulfing (pathogens etc.) Autophagy - self eating Autolysis - cell bursts from being eaten from the inside

Question 32

Label the structure of a cell wall

Answer 32

Cell wall, cell membrane, middle lamella, plasmodesmata, cytoplasm

Question 33

What is the function of the cell wall

Answer 33

To support and protect the cell - only in bacterial, plant, and fungal cells

Question 34

What is the role of the plasmodesmata in the cell wall

Answer 34

To facilitate the movement between cells

Question 35

What is the function of the ribosome and what sizes are they in pro and eukaryotes

Answer 35

Protein synthesis, 70S in pro, 80S in eukaryotic

Question 36

Label the structure of a ribosome

Answer 36

Large subunit, small subunit, consisting of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 37

Label the structure of a vacuole

Answer 37

Tonoplast, sap

Question 38

What is the function of a cell vacuole

Answer 38

Maintains the turgidity of the cell

Question 39

What does the sap in a vacuole store

Answer 39

Stores sugars, amino acids and water

Question 40

What is the function of the nucleus

Answer 40

Holds DNA, holds code for protein synthesis

Question 41

Label the structure of a nucleus

Answer 41

Nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleolus

Question 42

What is the role of the nucleolus

Answer 42

Synthesis of rRNA to make up ribosomes

Question 43

What is the role of nuclear pores

Answer 43

To transport nucleotides into the nucleus and mRNA out of the nucleus

Question 44

What is chromatin in the nucleus

Answer 44

DNA wrapped around histones (proteins)

Question 45

What is the function of the cell membrane

Answer 45

It is a selectively permeable barrier

Question 46

Label the structure of the cell membrane

Answer 46

Phospholipid bilayer - phosphate heads, fatty acid tails - extrinsic protein, intrinsic protein

Question 47

Explain the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cell organelles

Answer 47

1 - DNA in the nucleus carries genetic code for protein synthesis, this code is transcribed into mRNA which can leave the nucleus via nuclear pores 2 - The mRNA is translated into amino acid code in the ribosomes which are the site of translation 3 -Transport vesicle containing newly synthesised proteins are budded off from RER 4 - The transport vesicles fuse together to form the Cisternae of the Golgi body at the forming face 5 - Chemical modification of proteins e.g. adding a carbohydrate chain to form a glycoprotein 6 - 1- Secretory vesicles containing modified proteins are budded off from Golgi body 2- OR lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes for phagocytosis/autophagy/autolysis 7 - Exocytosis - vesicles move towards and fuse with cell membrane releasing proteins outside the cell