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Biology Y1 > 2.1.1 Structure of eukaryote cells > Flashcards

2.1.1 Structure of eukaryote cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Label the structure of an animal cell under a light microscope

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus - nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus

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2
Q

What is an envelope in terms of cells

A

Double membrane

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3
Q

Label the structure of a plant cell under a light microscope

A

Cell wall, middle lamella, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, tonoplast, vacuole sap, nucleus - nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus

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4
Q

What is the vacuole membrane in a plant cell called

A

Tonoplast

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5
Q

What is inside the vacuole of a plant cell

A

Cell sap

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6
Q

What is the middle lamella

A

‘Sticky substance’ that keeps the cell’s wall and membrane together
Also acts as cementing between between two cells

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7
Q

Label the structure of a chloroplast

A

Chloroplast envelope, thylakoid, granum, stalked particles, starch grain, stroma

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8
Q

What is a thylakoid and which eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in

A

It is found in the chloroplast, and is where the chlorophyll molecule is which is needed to absorb light for photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is a granum and what eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in

A

A stack of thylakoids, found in the chloroplast

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10
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the role of stalked particles and which eukaryotic cell organelle are they found in

A

Chloroplast, they are used for ATP synthesis

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12
Q

What is a starch grain and what eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in

A

Chloroplast, it is where glucose is stored

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13
Q

What is the stroma and what eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in

A

The stroma is the plasma part of the chloroplast, which has ribosomes and DNA

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14
Q

Label the structure of a Mitochondria

A

Mitochondrion envelope, cristae, matrix, stalked particles, ribosomes, circular DNA

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15
Q

Can the chloroplast self replicate and state why

A

Yes as it contains DNA

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16
Q

What is the Cristae and what eukaryotic organelle is it found in

A

Inner membrane folds for more surface area, found in mitochondrion

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17
Q

What is the matrix and what eukaryotic organelle is it found in

A

Plasma part of mitochondrion

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18
Q

What size are the ribosomes in a mitochondria

A

70S

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19
Q

Can the mitochondrion self replicate and state why

A

Yes as it contains DNA

20
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion

A

Formation of ATP through aerobic respiration

21
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipids synthesis and transport

22
Q

Label the structure of a SER

A

Cisternae

23
Q

What are Cisternae and which organelles are they found in

A

Flattened membrane bound sacs, found in the SER, RER, Golgi body

24
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Protein synthesis and transport

25
Q

Label the structure of a RER

A

Cisternae, ribosomes

26
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body

A

Chemical modification of proteins and packaging for export and secretion out of cell

27
Q

Label the structure of a Golgi body

A

Incoming transport vesicle, forming face, Cisternae, Cisternae lumen, maturing face, secretory vesicle/lysosome

28
Q

What is the Cisternae lumen

A

Hole inside any tube

29
Q

Label the structure of a centrioles

A

1 centriole contains 9 triplets of microtubules, 2 centrioles lie perpendicular to each other

30
Q

Label the structure of a lysosome

A

Membrane, hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes)

31
Q

List 3 functions of a lysosome and describe them

A

Phagocytosis - engulfing (pathogens etc.)
Autophagy - self eating
Autolysis - cell bursts from being eaten from the inside

32
Q

Label the structure of a cell wall

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, middle lamella, plasmodesmata, cytoplasm

33
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

To support and protect the cell - only in bacterial, plant, and fungal cells

34
Q

What is the role of the plasmodesmata in the cell wall

A

To facilitate the movement between cells

35
Q

What is the function of the ribosome and what sizes are they in pro and eukaryotes

A

Protein synthesis, 70S in pro, 80S in eukaryotic

36
Q

Label the structure of a ribosome

A

Large subunit, small subunit, consisting of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

37
Q

Label the structure of a vacuole

A

Tonoplast, sap

38
Q

What is the function of a cell vacuole

A

Maintains the turgidity of the cell

39
Q

What does the sap in a vacuole store

A

Stores sugars, amino acids and water

40
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Holds DNA, holds code for protein synthesis

41
Q

Label the structure of a nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleolus

42
Q

What is the role of the nucleolus

A

Synthesis of rRNA to make up ribosomes

43
Q

What is the role of nuclear pores

A

To transport nucleotides into the nucleus and mRNA out of the nucleus

44
Q

What is chromatin in the nucleus

A

DNA wrapped around histones (proteins)

45
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

It is a selectively permeable barrier

46
Q

Label the structure of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer - phosphate heads, fatty acid tails - extrinsic protein, intrinsic protein

47
Q

Explain the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cell organelles

A

1 - DNA in the nucleus carries genetic code for protein synthesis, this code is transcribed into mRNA which can leave the nucleus via nuclear pores
2 - The mRNA is translated into amino acid code in the ribosomes which are the site of translation
3 -Transport vesicle containing newly synthesised proteins are budded off from RER
4 - The transport vesicles fuse together to form the Cisternae of the Golgi body at the forming face
5 - Chemical modification of proteins e.g. adding a carbohydrate chain to form a glycoprotein
6 - 1- Secretory vesicles containing modified proteins are budded off from Golgi body
2- OR lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes for phagocytosis/autophagy/autolysis
7 - Exocytosis - vesicles move towards and fuse with cell membrane releasing proteins outside the cell

Biology Y1 (50 decks)

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