2.1.1 Structure of eukaryote cells Flashcards
Label the structure of an animal cell under a light microscope
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus - nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus
What is an envelope in terms of cells
Double membrane
Label the structure of a plant cell under a light microscope
Cell wall, middle lamella, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, tonoplast, vacuole sap, nucleus - nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus
What is the vacuole membrane in a plant cell called
Tonoplast
What is inside the vacuole of a plant cell
Cell sap
What is the middle lamella
‘Sticky substance’ that keeps the cell’s wall and membrane together
Also acts as cementing between between two cells
Label the structure of a chloroplast
Chloroplast envelope, thylakoid, granum, stalked particles, starch grain, stroma
What is a thylakoid and which eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in
It is found in the chloroplast, and is where the chlorophyll molecule is which is needed to absorb light for photosynthesis
What is a granum and what eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in
A stack of thylakoids, found in the chloroplast
What is the function of a chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
What is the role of stalked particles and which eukaryotic cell organelle are they found in
Chloroplast, they are used for ATP synthesis
What is a starch grain and what eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in
Chloroplast, it is where glucose is stored
What is the stroma and what eukaryotic cell organelle is it found in
The stroma is the plasma part of the chloroplast, which has ribosomes and DNA
Label the structure of a Mitochondria
Mitochondrion envelope, cristae, matrix, stalked particles, ribosomes, circular DNA
Can the chloroplast self replicate and state why
Yes as it contains DNA
What is the Cristae and what eukaryotic organelle is it found in
Inner membrane folds for more surface area, found in mitochondrion
What is the matrix and what eukaryotic organelle is it found in
Plasma part of mitochondrion
What size are the ribosomes in a mitochondria
70S
Can the mitochondrion self replicate and state why
Yes as it contains DNA
What is the function of the mitochondrion
Formation of ATP through aerobic respiration
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lipids synthesis and transport
Label the structure of a SER
Cisternae
What are Cisternae and which organelles are they found in
Flattened membrane bound sacs, found in the SER, RER, Golgi body
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Protein synthesis and transport
Label the structure of a RER
Cisternae, ribosomes
What is the function of the Golgi body
Chemical modification of proteins and packaging for export and secretion out of cell
Label the structure of a Golgi body
Incoming transport vesicle, forming face, Cisternae, Cisternae lumen, maturing face, secretory vesicle/lysosome
What is the Cisternae lumen
Hole inside any tube
Label the structure of a centrioles
1 centriole contains 9 triplets of microtubules, 2 centrioles lie perpendicular to each other
Label the structure of a lysosome
Membrane, hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes)
List 3 functions of a lysosome and describe them
Phagocytosis - engulfing (pathogens etc.)
Autophagy - self eating
Autolysis - cell bursts from being eaten from the inside
Label the structure of a cell wall
Cell wall, cell membrane, middle lamella, plasmodesmata, cytoplasm
What is the function of the cell wall
To support and protect the cell - only in bacterial, plant, and fungal cells
What is the role of the plasmodesmata in the cell wall
To facilitate the movement between cells
What is the function of the ribosome and what sizes are they in pro and eukaryotes
Protein synthesis, 70S in pro, 80S in eukaryotic
Label the structure of a ribosome
Large subunit, small subunit, consisting of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Label the structure of a vacuole
Tonoplast, sap
What is the function of a cell vacuole
Maintains the turgidity of the cell
What does the sap in a vacuole store
Stores sugars, amino acids and water
What is the function of the nucleus
Holds DNA, holds code for protein synthesis
Label the structure of a nucleus
Nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleolus
What is the role of the nucleolus
Synthesis of rRNA to make up ribosomes
What is the role of nuclear pores
To transport nucleotides into the nucleus and mRNA out of the nucleus
What is chromatin in the nucleus
DNA wrapped around histones (proteins)
What is the function of the cell membrane
It is a selectively permeable barrier
Label the structure of the cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer - phosphate heads, fatty acid tails - extrinsic protein, intrinsic protein
Explain the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cell organelles
1 - DNA in the nucleus carries genetic code for protein synthesis, this code is transcribed into mRNA which can leave the nucleus via nuclear pores
2 - The mRNA is translated into amino acid code in the ribosomes which are the site of translation
3 -Transport vesicle containing newly synthesised proteins are budded off from RER
4 - The transport vesicles fuse together to form the Cisternae of the Golgi body at the forming face
5 - Chemical modification of proteins e.g. adding a carbohydrate chain to form a glycoprotein
6 - 1- Secretory vesicles containing modified proteins are budded off from Golgi body
2- OR lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes for phagocytosis/autophagy/autolysis
7 - Exocytosis - vesicles move towards and fuse with cell membrane releasing proteins outside the cell
