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Biology Y1 > 2.2: The cell cycle, mitosis & binary fission > Flashcards

2.2: The cell cycle, mitosis & binary fission Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

the sequence of the dividing and non dividing stages in the life of a cell

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2
Q

what is the name of the non dividing stage in the cell cycle

A

interphase

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3
Q

what is the name of the dividing stage in the cell cycle

A

nuclear division

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4
Q

What are the 3 phases in interphase

A

G1 - cell growth
S phase - DNA replication
G2 - Preparation for mitosis

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5
Q

What happens after nuclear division in the cell cycle

A

cytokinesis - some cells don’t go through this stage though

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6
Q

describe the chromosome composition of diploid cells

A

1 paternal set of chromosomes and 1 maternal set

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7
Q

describe the chromosome composition of haploid cells

A

mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes

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8
Q

what type of cell are gametes? haploid or diploid

A

haploid

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9
Q

what type of cell are somatic/body cells? haploid or diploid

A

diploid

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10
Q

how can you identify if a chromosome has a pair and so the cell is diploid

A

is the position of the centromere is the same then the chromosomes are pairs and so the cell is diploid

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11
Q

what is mitosis

A

nuclear division in eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

what is produced when a parent cell undergoes mitosis

A

two genetically identical daughter cells

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13
Q

what happens to the chromosome number when a parent cell undergoes mitosis

A

chromosome number remains the same

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14
Q

what is the sequence of phases in mitosis

A

interphase -> prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase -> cytokinesis

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15
Q

What does the acronym ‘Icy penguins make antarctica terribly cold’ stand for

A

interphase -> prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase -> cytokinesis

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16
Q

how can you remember the sequence of phases in mitosis

A

Icy penguins make antarctica terribly cold
interphase -> prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase -> cytokinesis

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17
Q

what do the chromosomes do in each phase of mitosis

A

interphase = replicate
prophase = appear
metaphase = line up
anaphase = pull apart
telophase = hide
cytokinesis = CELL halves

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18
Q

what do the chromosomes in a cell do in interphase during mitosis

A

replicate

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19
Q

what do the chromosomes in a cell do in prophase during mitosis

A

appear

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20
Q

what do the chromosomes in a cell do in metaphase during mitosis

A

line up

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21
Q

what do the chromosomes in a cell do in anaphase during mitosis

A

pull apart

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22
Q

what do the chromosomes in a cell do in telophase during mitosis

A

hide

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23
Q

what does the cell do in cytokinesis during mitosis

A

halves

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24
Q

what does the acronym ‘RALPH’ stand for

A

replicate -> appear -> line up -> pull apart -> hide -> half(cell)

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25
how can you remember the sequence of what the chromosomes are doing in each phase of mitosis
RALPH replicate -> appear -> line up -> pull apart -> hide -> half(cell)
26
what are sister chromatids
chromatids in a pair
27
what are centromeres
the structure in a chromosome the holds together chromatids until they are separated by the spindle fibres
28
what is cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm to give two new cells
29
give a description of what happens in interphase during mitosis
chromosomes are not visible, cell grows, synthesis of organelles, ATP synthesis, DNA replication
30
give a description of what happens in prophase during mitosis
centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell chromosomes condense (shorten and thicken) and become visible as two sister chromatids joined by a centromere spindle fibres develop from each pair of centrioles to span the cell from pole to pole chromosomes attach to spindle fibres by their centromere nucleolus disappears nuclear envelope breaks down so chromosomes are free in the cytoplasm
31
give a description of what happens in metaphase during mitosis
chromosomes are pulled along the spindle apparatus and arrange themselves across the equator of the cell centromeres divide into two
32
give a description of what happens in anaphase during mitosis
spindle fibres contract and shortened pulling sister chromatids apart mitochondria located around the spindle fibres provide ATP for their contraction chromosomes pulled to opposite poles
33
give a description of what happens in telophase during mitosis
chromosomes reach their respective poles nuclear envelope and nucleoli reform spindle fibres disintegrate chromosomes elongated becoming less visible
34
give a description of what happens in cytokinesis during mitosis
cell membrane pinches inwards separating cytoplasm cytoplasm divides to produce two new cells
35
what are 3 things that mitosis is important for
1 - growth - tissue, organism 2 - tissue repair 3 - asexual reproduction (singled celled eukaryotes)
36
how can you identify a cell going through metaphase under a microscope
look for a groove in the middle of the cell
37
how can you identify a cell going through interphase under a microscope
look at what the majority of the cells are
38
suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of having offspring that are genetically identical to their parents
advantage: in stable environment, successful parents can rapidly produce successful offspring disadvantage: in a changing environment, offspring not genetically diverse enough to adapt
39
in what phases in mitosis are chromosomes visible
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
40
How do you calculate mitotic index
number of cells undergoing mitosis / total number of cells (as a fraction or a percentage)
41
Describe the steps of the root tip squash practical to show the stages of mitosis
1 - cut off 5mm off a garlic root tip 2 - put 10 drops of acetic orcein stain into watch glass 3 - add one drop of 1 mol HCl into the watch glass 4 - add the root tips 5 - place the watch glass(with lid) onto a hot plate for 30 seconds. Then remove from hot plate and leave to stand for at least 10 minutes (with lid on) 6 - using forceps, remove a root tip and place onto a microscope slide. Place a cover slip over the top 7 - immediately place filter paper over coverslip then use thumb to gently squash the root tip
42
explain as to why we use the root tip to show the stages of mitosis (root tip squash prac)
it is the growing region where mitosis happens
43
explain as to why we put 10 drops of acetic orcein stain into a watch glass to show the stages of mitosis (root tip squash prac)
stain makes DNA and chromosomes visible
44
explain as to why we put 1 drop of 1 mole HCl into the watch glass to show the stages of mitosis (root tip squash prac)
to soften the cell walls so that the acetic orcein stain can enter cells more quickly
45
explain as to why we put the watch glass onto a hot plate for 30 seconds to show the stages of mitosis (root tip squash prac)
to make movement of stain quicker and softening of walls
46
explain as to why we squash the root tip before examining it under the microscope to show the stages of mitosis (root tip squash prac)
to see a single layer of cells and so light can pass through
47
List and describe the sequence of stages of binary fission in prokaryotes
1 -circular DNA replicates and both copies attach to the cell membrane. Plasmids also replicate 2 - Cell membrane begins to grow between the two DNA molecules 3 - Cell membrane begins to pinch inwards dividing the cytoplasm 4 - A new cell wall forms between the two molecules of DNA fully dividing the original cell 5 - Two new identical daughter cells are formed each with a single copy of the circular DNA and a variable number of the plasmids
48
List and describe the sequence of stages of replication in viruses
1 - virus attaches to host cell with attachment proteins. They then inject their nucleic acid into the host cell 2 - The genetic code of the injected viral nucleic acids is read by the host cell 3 - Host cell starts to produce viral components: nucleic acids, enzymes, structural proteins 4 - These components are then assembled into new viruses
49
What happens in healthy cell division when a cell is differentiated
the cell can lose ability to divide when differentiated or only divide 20-30 times
50
What happens in healthy cell division when a cell mutation occurs
apoptosis - programmed cell death when mutation occurs
51
What happens in cancer cell division when a cell mutation occurs
cancer cell division is uncontrolled mitosis apoptosis mechanism breaks down and so mutated cells do divide - resulting in multiple mutated cells and eventually a mass of cells called a tumour which can either by benign (harmless) or malignant (cancerous)
52
What is a chromosome
condensed chromatin
53
what is chromatin
DNA double helix wrapped around histones
54
When do chromosomes condensed
prophase
55
When does the cytoplasm split
cytokinesis
56
when would you use the term chromatid instead of chromosome
when a chromosome is attached to another by a centromere
57
when do chromosomes line up along the equator
metaphase
58
when do spindle fibres form
prophase
59
when does the cell have 2 nuclei
during telophase
60
what is meant by diploid (2n) and haploid (n)
2n = 2 sets of chromosomes n = 1 set of chromosomes
61
How many chromosomes are in a 2n human cell
46

Biology Y1 (50 decks)

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