4: Pathophysiology Flashcards
Study of the disease and its causes.
Pathology
The physiology of disordered function.
Pathophysiology
A decrease in cell size resulting from a decreased workload.
Atrophy
An increase in cell size resulting from an increased workload.
Hypertrophy
An increase in the number of cells resulting from cell division caused by an increased workload.
Hyperplasia
Cell division with division of the nucleus; each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell. The process by which the body grows.
Mitosis
Replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue.
Metaplasia
A change in cell size, shape, or appearance caused by an external stressor.
Dysplasia
Oxygen difficiency.
Hypoxia
A blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to the cells.
Ischemia
The constructive phase of metabolism in which cells convert nonliving substances into living cytoplasm.
Anabolism
The destructive phase of metabolism in which cells break down complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy.
Catabolism
Swelling of a cell caused by injury to or change on permeability of the call membrane with resulting inability to maintain stable intra- and extracellular fluid and electrolyte levels.
Cellular swelling
Response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy itself one way the body rids itself of damaged and dead cells.
Apoptosis
Cell death; a pathological cell change.
Necrosis: (Coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, Fatty)
The liquid part of the blood.
Plasma
Red blood cells which contain hemoglobin, which transports oxygen to the cells.
Erythrocytes
White blood cells, which play a hey role in the immune system and inflammatory (infection fighting) responses.
Leukocytes
Platelets, which are important in blood clotting.
Thrombocytes
Substances such as proteins or starches, consisting of large molecules or molecule aggregates that disperse evenly within a liquid without forming a true solution.
Colloids
The percentage of the blood occupied by red blood cells is called?
Hematocrit
A protein commonly present in plant and animal tissues.
Albumin:
(albumin works to maintain blood pressure and probides colloid osmotic pressure which prevents plasma loss from the capillaries)
A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cells. My cause red blood cell CRENATION.
Hypertonic Solution
NOTE: These fluids will tend to cause a fluid shift out of the interstitial space and intracellular compartment into the intravascular space when administered to a normally hydrated patient.
A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cells. May cause red blood cell SWELLING and LYSING.
Hypotonic Solution
NOTE: When administered to a normally hydrated patient, they will cause a movement of fluid from the intravascular space into the interstitial space and intracellular compartment.
Acidity caused by abnormal retention of carbon dioxide resulting from impaired ventilation.
Respiratory Acidosis
Alkalinity caused by excessive elimination of carbon dioxide resulting from increased respiration.
Respiratory Alkalosis
Acidity caused by an increase in acid, often because of increased production acids during metabolism or from caused such a vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes, or medication.
Metabolic Acidosis
Alkalinity caused by an increase in plasma bicarbonate resulting from causes including diuresis, vomiting, or ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate.
Metabolic Alkalosis
An agent that increases urine secretion and elimination of body water.
Diuretic
A bleeding disorder that is caused by a genetic clotting factor deficiency.
Hemophilia
Inadequate perfusion of the body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues. Also called SHOCK.
Hypoperfusion
Causes: Inadequate pump, Inadequate fluid, Inadequate container
The second stage of metabolism, requiring the presence of oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose yields a high amount of energy.(in a process called the Krebs or citric acid cycle)
Aerobic Metabolism (Aerobic means with Oxygen)
The first stage of metabolism, which does not require oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose produces pyruvic acid which yields lactic acid and very little energy. (in a process called Glycolysis)
Anaerobic Metabolism (Anaerobic means w/o oxygen)
Early stage of shock during which the body’s compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion.
Compensated Shock
Advanced stages of shock when the body’s compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain normal perfusion also called PROGRESSIVE SHOCK.
Decompensated Shock
Shock that has progressed so far that no medical intervention can reverse the condition and death is inevitable.
Irreversible Shock
Shock caused by insufficient cardiac output; the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body.
Cardiogenic
Shock caused by loss of intravascular fluid volume.
Hypovolemic Shock
Causes: Internal or External Hemorrhage, Trauma, Severe dehydration, plasma loss from burns, Diabetic Ketoacidosis.
Shock resulting from BRAIN or SPINAL CORD injury that causes an interruption of nerve impulses to the arteries with loss of arterial tone, dilation, and relative hypovolemia.
Neurogenic Shock
A life-threatening allergic reaction.
Anaphylaxis (aka Anaphylactic Shock)
Shock that develops as the result of infection carried by the bloodstream, eventually causing dysfunction of multiple organ systems.
Septic Shock
Progressive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury.
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
A single-cell organism with a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no organized nucleus. THey bind to the cells of a host organism to obtain food and support.
Bacteria
Substances that destroy or inhibit microorganisms, tiny living bodies invisible to the naked eye.
Antibiotic (Antibiotic means destructive to life)
Toxic substances secreted by bacterial cells during their growth.
Exotoxins
Molecules in the walls of certain gram-negative bacteria that are released when the bacterium dies or is destroyed.
Endotoxins
The systemic spread of toxins through the bloodstream.
Septicemia (Also called Septic Shock)
An organism much smaller than a bacterium, visible only under an electron microscope. They invade and live inside the cells of the organisms they infect.
Virus
A marker on the surface of a cell that identifies it as “self” of “non-self”.
Antigen
A substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign antigen that will combine with and control or destroy the antigen, thus preventing infection.
antibody
The body’s reactions that inactivate or eliminate foreign antigens.
Immune Response
A long term condition of protection from infection or disease.
Immunity
A type of leukocyte or white blood cell, that attacks foreign substances as part of the body’s immune response.
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that in response to the presence of an antigen, produce antibodies that attack the antigen and confer long term immunity to the antigens.
B Lymphocytes
White blood cells that do not produce antibodies but, instead, attack antigens directly.
T Lymphocytes
The short term immunity to an antigen provided by T lymphocytes, which directly attack the antigen but do not produce antibodies or memory for the antigen.
Cell-mediated Immunity
Antigens that are able to trigger an immune response.
Immunogen
