4: Pathophysiology

Question 1

Study of the disease and its causes.

Answer 1

Pathology

Question 2

The physiology of disordered function.

Answer 2

Pathophysiology

Question 3

A decrease in cell size resulting from a decreased workload.

Answer 3

Atrophy

Question 4

An increase in cell size resulting from an increased workload.

Answer 4

Hypertrophy

Question 5

An increase in the number of cells resulting from cell division caused by an increased workload.

Answer 5

Hyperplasia

Question 6

Cell division with division of the nucleus; each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell. The process by which the body grows.

Answer 6

Mitosis

Question 7

Replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue.

Answer 7

Metaplasia

Question 8

A change in cell size, shape, or appearance caused by an external stressor.

Answer 8

Dysplasia

Question 9

Oxygen difficiency.

Answer 9

Hypoxia

Question 10

A blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to the cells.

Answer 10

Ischemia

Question 11

The constructive phase of metabolism in which cells convert nonliving substances into living cytoplasm.

Answer 11

Anabolism

Question 12

The destructive phase of metabolism in which cells break down complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy.

Answer 12

Catabolism

Question 13

Swelling of a cell caused by injury to or change on permeability of the call membrane with resulting inability to maintain stable intra- and extracellular fluid and electrolyte levels.

Answer 13

Cellular swelling

Question 14

Response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy itself one way the body rids itself of damaged and dead cells.

Answer 14

Apoptosis

Question 15

Cell death; a pathological cell change.

Answer 15

Necrosis: (Coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, Fatty)

Question 16

The liquid part of the blood.

Answer 16

Plasma

Question 17

Red blood cells which contain hemoglobin, which transports oxygen to the cells.

Answer 17

Erythrocytes

Question 18

White blood cells, which play a hey role in the immune system and inflammatory (infection fighting) responses.

Answer 18

Leukocytes

Question 19

Platelets, which are important in blood clotting.

Answer 19

Thrombocytes

Question 20

Substances such as proteins or starches, consisting of large molecules or molecule aggregates that disperse evenly within a liquid without forming a true solution.

Answer 20

Colloids

Question 21

The percentage of the blood occupied by red blood cells is called?

Answer 21

Hematocrit

Question 22

A protein commonly present in plant and animal tissues.

Answer 22

Albumin:
(albumin works to maintain blood pressure and probides colloid osmotic pressure which prevents plasma loss from the capillaries)

Question 23

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cells. My cause red blood cell CRENATION.

Answer 23

Hypertonic Solution
NOTE: These fluids will tend to cause a fluid shift out of the interstitial space and intracellular compartment into the intravascular space when administered to a normally hydrated patient.

Question 24

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cells. May cause red blood cell SWELLING and LYSING.

Answer 24

Hypotonic Solution

NOTE: When administered to a normally hydrated patient, they will cause a movement of fluid from the intravascular space into the interstitial space and intracellular compartment.

Question 25

Acidity caused by abnormal retention of carbon dioxide resulting from impaired ventilation.

Answer 25

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 26

Alkalinity caused by excessive elimination of carbon dioxide resulting from increased respiration.

Answer 26

Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 27

Acidity caused by an increase in acid, often because of increased production acids during metabolism or from caused such a vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes, or medication.

Answer 27

Metabolic Acidosis

Question 28

Alkalinity caused by an increase in plasma bicarbonate resulting from causes including diuresis, vomiting, or ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate.

Answer 28

Metabolic Alkalosis

Question 29

An agent that increases urine secretion and elimination of body water.

Answer 29

Diuretic

Question 30

A bleeding disorder that is caused by a genetic clotting factor deficiency.

Answer 30

Hemophilia

Question 31

Inadequate perfusion of the body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues. Also called SHOCK.

Answer 31

Hypoperfusion Causes: Inadequate pump, Inadequate fluid, Inadequate container

Question 32

The second stage of metabolism, requiring the presence of oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose yields a high amount of energy.(in a process called the Krebs or citric acid cycle)

Answer 32

Aerobic Metabolism (Aerobic means with Oxygen)

Question 33

The first stage of metabolism, which does not require oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose produces pyruvic acid which yields lactic acid and very little energy. (in a process called Glycolysis)

Answer 33

Anaerobic Metabolism (Anaerobic means w/o oxygen)

Question 34

Early stage of shock during which the body's compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion.

Answer 34

Compensated Shock

Question 35

Advanced stages of shock when the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain normal perfusion also called PROGRESSIVE SHOCK.

Answer 35

Decompensated Shock

Question 36

Shock that has progressed so far that no medical intervention can reverse the condition and death is inevitable.

Answer 36

Irreversible Shock

Question 37

Shock caused by insufficient cardiac output; the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body.

Answer 37

Cardiogenic

Question 38

Shock caused by loss of intravascular fluid volume.

Answer 38

Hypovolemic Shock | Causes: Internal or External Hemorrhage, Trauma, Severe dehydration, plasma loss from burns, Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

Question 39

Shock resulting from BRAIN or SPINAL CORD injury that causes an interruption of nerve impulses to the arteries with loss of arterial tone, dilation, and relative hypovolemia.

Answer 39

Neurogenic Shock

Question 40

A life-threatening allergic reaction.

Answer 40

Anaphylaxis (aka Anaphylactic Shock)

Question 41

Shock that develops as the result of infection carried by the bloodstream, eventually causing dysfunction of multiple organ systems.

Answer 41

Septic Shock

Question 42

Progressive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury.

Answer 42

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)

Question 43

A single-cell organism with a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no organized nucleus. THey bind to the cells of a host organism to obtain food and support.

Answer 43

Bacteria

Question 44

Substances that destroy or inhibit microorganisms, tiny living bodies invisible to the naked eye.

Answer 44

Antibiotic (Antibiotic means destructive to life)

Question 45

Toxic substances secreted by bacterial cells during their growth.

Answer 45

Exotoxins

Question 46

Molecules in the walls of certain gram-negative bacteria that are released when the bacterium dies or is destroyed.

Answer 46

Endotoxins

Question 47

The systemic spread of toxins through the bloodstream.

Answer 47

Septicemia (Also called Septic Shock)

Question 48

An organism much smaller than a bacterium, visible only under an electron microscope. They invade and live inside the cells of the organisms they infect.

Answer 48

Virus

Question 49

A marker on the surface of a cell that identifies it as "self" of "non-self".

Answer 49

Antigen

Question 50

A substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign antigen that will combine with and control or destroy the antigen, thus preventing infection.

Answer 50

antibody

Question 51

The body's reactions that inactivate or eliminate foreign antigens.

Answer 51

Immune Response

Question 52

A long term condition of protection from infection or disease.

Answer 52

Immunity

Question 53

A type of leukocyte or white blood cell, that attacks foreign substances as part of the body's immune response.

Answer 53

Lymphocytes

Question 54

White blood cells that in response to the presence of an antigen, produce antibodies that attack the antigen and confer long term immunity to the antigens.

Answer 54

B Lymphocytes

Question 55

White blood cells that do not produce antibodies but, instead, attack antigens directly.

Answer 55

T Lymphocytes

Question 56

The short term immunity to an antigen provided by T lymphocytes, which directly attack the antigen but do not produce antibodies or memory for the antigen.

Answer 56

Cell-mediated Immunity

Question 57

Antigens that are able to trigger an immune response.

Answer 57

Immunogen