3: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
The basic structural unit of all plants and animals.
Cell
The thick fluid that fills a cell.
Cytoplasm
Structures that perform specific functions within a cell.
Organelles
The organelle inside a cell that contains the DNA.
Neucleus
A high energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells when split by enzyme action it yields ENERGY.
Adenosine Triphosphate
A group a cells that perform a similar function.
Tissue
The protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues. Eg: The Skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the intestinal tract.
Epithelial Tissue
The most abundant body tissue, it provides support, connection, and insulation. Eg: Bone, cartilage, fat, blood.
Connective Tissue
The function of an organism the physical and chemical processes of a living thing
Physiology
The total changes that take place during physiological processes.
Metabolism
The fluid inside the body cells. Approximately 75% of all body water is found within this compartment.
Intracellular Fluid
The fluid outside the body cells. Comprised of intravascular and interstitial Fluid.
Extracellular Fluid
The fluid within the circulatory system; Blood, and Plasma.
Intravascular Fluid
Fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system.
Interstitial Fluid
A substance that dissolves other substances forming a solution.
Solvent
Fluid loss from the intravascular or intracellular spaces into the interstitial space. That can occur with peritonitis, pancreatitis, or bowel obstruction.
Third Spacing
Fluid losses that occur from BURNS, surgical drains, and fistulas, and open wounds.
Plasma losses
A substance that in water separates into electrically charged particles.
Electrolytes
A charged particle an atom or group of atoms whose electrical has changed from neutral to Positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons.
ION
Ion with a positive charge.
Cation
Ion with a negative charge.
Anion
A substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen Ions.
Buffer System
Equal in concentration of solute molecules.
Isotonic
Having a greater concentration of solute molecules
Hypertonic
Having a lesser concentration of solute molecules.
Hypotonic
The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmotic Gradient
The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to a area of lesser concentration.
Diffusion
The passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane.
Osmosis
Movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; that is, from an area of LESSER concentration to an area of HIGHER concentration.
Active Transport
Diffusion of a substance such a glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a “helper” protein.
Facilitated Diffusion (aka: mediated diffusion)
The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic tends to “pull” water from the other side of the membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
A form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large particles, or colloids, present in the blood plasma.
Oncotic Pressure
Blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heartbeat. This pressure tends to force water out of the capillaries into the interstitial space.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space.
Filtration
A high concentration of hydrogen Ions, a PH below 7.35.
Acidosis
A low concentration of hydrogen Ions a PH above 7.45.
Alkalosis
The fastest mechanism to remove hydrogen Ions from the body.
The Buffer System or Bicarbonate buffer system
Body system having to do with the production and development of blood cells, consisting of the bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys and the blood itself.
Hematopoietic System
The hormone responsible for res blood cell production.
Erythropoietin
The thick, pale yellow fluid that is 90-92 percent water that makes up the liquid part of the blood.
Plasma
The oxygen bearing molecule in the red blood cells. It’s made up of iron rich pigment called HEME, and a protein called GLOBIN.
Hemoglobin
The packed cell volume of red blood cells per unit of blood.
Hematocrit
The movement of white blood cells in response to chemical signals.
Chemotaxis
The process in which white blood cells engulf and destroy an invader
Phagocytosis
THe process through which stem cells differentiate into white blood cells’ immature forms.
Leukopoiesis
A condition in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissues.
Autoimmune Disease
A non specific defense mechanism that wards off damage from microorganism or trauma
Inflammatory Process
The combined mechanisms that work to prevent or control blood loss. ( vascular spasms, platelet plugs, stable fibrin)
Hemostasis
The end of a long bone, including the growth plate and supporting structures underlying the joint.
Epiphysis
The joint that provides the greatest amount of independent motion.
Synovial Joint
Sacs containing synovial fluid that cushion adjacent structures.
Bursae Sacs
Three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. They are: Dura mater, Pia mater, and arachnoid membrane.
Meninges:
- Dura is the layer that lines the skull
- Arachnoid is the middle layer
- Pia is the inner layer that covers the brain and spinal cord
The largest part of the brain. It consists of 2 hemispheres. It is the seat of consciousness and the center of the higher mental functions such as memory, learning, reasoning, judgement, intelligence and emotion.
Ceremrum
The portion of the brain located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblongata. It plays an important role in the fine control of voluntary muscular movements.
Cerebellum
The part of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It is comprised of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and midbrain.
Brainstem
Portion of the brain connecting the pons and cerebellum hemispheres.
Midbrain
Portion of the brain important for controlling certain metabolic activities, including the regulation of body Temp.
Hypothalamus
The switching station between the pons and the cerebrum in the brain.
Thalamus
The pressure moving blood through the brain.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
Clear watery fluid filling the POSTERIOR chamber of the eye.
Vitreous Humor
Light and color sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye.
Retina
Clear fluid filling the ANTERIOR chamber of the eye.
Aqueous Humor
The pigmented portion of the eye. It is the muscular area that constricts or dilates the pupil!
Iris
The white of the eye.
Sclera
The thin, delicate layer covering the pupil and the Iris.
Cornea
Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids
Conjunctiva
Liquid that lubricates the eye
lacrimal fluid
The network of vessels that drains fluid, called lymph from the body tissues.
Lymphatic system
The 33 bones making up the vertebral column
Vertebrae
The cartilaginous pad between vertebrae that serves as a shock absorber.
Intervertebral Disk
These ligaments strengthen and stabilize the column against excessive lateral, bending, rotation, and flexion.
Transverse Process, and interspinous Processes.
The cordlike remnant of a fetal vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta at the aortic isthmus.
Ligamentum Arteriosum
division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations. Includes increased heart rate, and dilation of pupils and bronchioles. By use of the neurotransmitters Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Division of the autonomic nervous system controlling vegetative functions. including decreased heart rate and constriction of bronchioles and pupils. By use of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A substance that is released from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron on excitation and that travels across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
Neurotransmitter
This type of sympathetic receptor are? (a1,a2,B1,B2)
The alpha1 receptors control peripheral vasoconstriction, mild bronchoconstriction and stimulation of metabolism.
beta1 stimulation can cause increased heart rate, cardiac contractile force, automaticity, and conduction.
beta2 stimulation can cause vasodilation, and bronchodilation.
Adrenergic Receptors
This hormone causes the retention of body water.
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)(aka vassopressin)
De-oxygenated blood enters the R. Atria from the vena cava, flows through the tri-cuspid valve into the R. ventricle, then through the pulmonic valve through the pulmonary ARTERY through the lungs and becomes oxygenated, blood returns through the pulmonary vein, enters the L. atria, the through the bi-cuspid valve into the R. ventricle, the through the aortic valve and into the aorta to the body.
Circulation through the heart
The period when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling and coronary perfusion occur.
Diastole
The period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting.
Systole
Specialized bands of tissue inserted between myocardial cells that increase the rate in which the action potential is spread from cell to cell.
Intercalated Discs
Refers to the speed of the heart rate-
Refers to the Cardiac contractile force-
Refers to the speed of impulse transmission-
Chronotropy
Inotropy
Dromotropy
The supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries.
Perfusion
Inadequate perfusion of the body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues. Also called SHOCK.
Hypo perfusion
The ratio of blood pumped from the ventricles to the amount remaining at the end of diastole.
Ejection Fraction
The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction. (approx. 70cc in adult)
Stroke Volume
The pressure exerted by blood against the arterial walls.
X= Cardiac output x peripheral resistance
Blood Pressure
Air cavity that conducts fluids from the eustachian tubes and tear ducts to and from the nasopharynx.
Sinus
A muscular tube that extends vertically from the back of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the esophagus.
Pharynx
The complete structure that joins the pharynx with the trachea.
Larynx
Alveolar collapse
atelectasis
Membranous connective tissue covering the lungs.
Visceral - lines the lungs, no nerve fibers
Parietal - lines the thoracic cavity and has nerve fibers
Pleura
Excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Hypercarbia
Wavelike muscular motion of the esophagus and bowel that moves food through the digestive system.
Peristolsis
An organ that produces urine and performs other functions related to the system.
Kidney
A microscopic structure within the kidney that produces urine.
Nephron
Greatly increased urination and dehydration that results when high levels of glucose cannot be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules and the osmotic pressure of the glucose in the tubules also prevents water reabsorption.
Osmotic Diuresis
An enzyme produced by kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pressure.
Renin
The inner layer of the uterine wall where the fertilized egg implants.
Endometrium
The thick middle layer of the uterine wall made up of smooth muscle fibers.
Myometrium
