4: NEUROANATOMY Flashcards
1
Q
imaginary line drawn thru centre of length of CNS from bottom of SPINAL CORD to front of FOREBRAIN
A
NEURAXIS
2
Q
located near/toward HEAD (front end)
A
ANTERIOR/ROSTRAL
3
Q
located near/toward TAIL (back end)
A
POSTERIOR/CAUDAL
4
Q
toward BACK
A
DORSAL
5
Q
above
A
SUPERIOR
6
Q
toward BELLY
A
VENTRAL
7
Q
below
A
INFERIOR
8
Q
toward SIDE of body (away from middle)
A
LATERAL
9
Q
toward MIDDLE of body (away from side)
A
MEDIAL
10
Q
structures located on SAME side of body
A
IPSILATERAL
11
Q
structures located on OPPOSITE side of body
A
CONTRALATERAL
12
Q
one one side only
A
UNILATERAL
13
Q
on both sides
A
BILATERAL
14
Q
CLOSE to body (trunk)
A
PROXIMAL
15
Q
FAR AWAY from body (trunk)
A
DISTAL
16
Q
signals that move AWAY from CNS
A
EFFERENT SIGNALS
17
Q
signals that move TOWARD CNS
A
AFFERENT SIGNALS
18
Q
horizontal plane that divides body TOP-BOTTOM
A
HORIZONTAL PLANE
19
Q
vertical plane that divides body LEFT-RIGHT
A
SAGITTAL PLANE
20
Q
vertical plane that divides body FRONT-BACK
A
CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE
21
Q
3 layers of tissue that encase the CNS
A
MENINGES
22
Q
3 LAYERS OF MENINGES
A
- DURA MATER
- ARACHNOID SPACE
- PIA MATER
23
Q
outermost layer of MENINGES (tough + flexible)
A
DURA MATER
24
Q
middle layer of MENINGES (btwn DURA/PIA MATERS)
A
ARACHNOID SPACE
25
innermost layer of MENINGES that clings to surface of brain (thin + delicate)
PIA MATER
26
fluid-filled (CS fluid) space that cushions brain (btwn ARACHNOID SPACE + PIA MATER)
SUBARACHNOID SPACE
27
infection of MENINGES that incr pressure on brain
MENINGITIS
28
infection of brain itself
ENCEPHALITIS
29
hollow spaces in brain filled w CSF
VENTRICLES
30
VENTRICLES OF BRAIN
1. LATERAL VENTRICLES
2. THIRD VENTRICLE
3. FOURTH VENTRICLE
31
ventricles in centre of TELENCEPHALON
LATERAL VENTRICLES
32
ventricle in centre of DIENCEPHALON
THIRD VENTRICLE
33
ventricle btwn CEREBELLUM + DORSAL PONS in centre of METENCEPHALON
FOURTH VENTRICLE
34
narrow tube connecting 3RD/4TH VENTRICLES located in centre of MESENCEPHALON
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT
35
highly vascular tissue that protrudes into all 4 VENTRICLES + produces CSF
CHOROID PLEXUS
36
small projection of ARACHNOID MEMBRANE thru DURA MATER into SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS that CSF flows thru to be absorbed into blood supply
ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS
37
clear fluid that fills VENTRICULAR SYSTEM of brain + SUBARACHNOID SPACE surrounding brain + spinal cord
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
38
- supports/cushions brain
- provides nutrients
- removes waste
- maintains BBB
FUNCTIONS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
39
1. CSF = produced by CHOROID PLEXUS in LATERAL VENTS
2. CSF flows into 3RD VENT where more CSF = produced
3. CSF flows thru CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT to 4TH VENT where more CSF = produced again
4. CSF leaves 4TH VENT thru small openings that connect w SUBARACH SPACE surrounding brain
5. CSF flows thru SUBARACH SPACE around CNS + is reabsorbed into blood supply thru ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS
STEPS OF CIRCULATION OF CSF THRU VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
40
condition of TOO MUCH CSF bc all/some VENTS = enlarged caused by an obstruction that impedes normal CSF flow
OBSTRUCTIVE HYDROCEPHALUS
41
type of ventricular tumour
CHOROID PLEXUS PAPILLOMA
42
CN for smell
1. OLFACTORY
43
CN for vision
2. OPTIC
44
3 CNS for eye mvmt
3. OCULOMOTOR
4. TROCHLEAR
6. ABDUCENS
45
CN for chewing/touching/pain for mouth
5. TRIGEMINAL
46
CN for face muscles/taste
7. FACIAL
47
CN for hearing/equilibrium
8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
48
CN for taste/BP
9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
49
CN for heart rate/digestion
10. VAGUS
50
CN for swallowing
11: ACCESSORY
51
CN for tongue mvmt
12: HYPOGLOSSAL
52
5 SUBDIVISIONS OF BRAIN
1. TELENCEPHALON
2. DIENCEPHALON
3. MESENCEPHALON
4. METENCEPHALON
5. MYENCEPHALON
53
3 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BRAIN
1. FOREBRAIN
2. MIDBRAIN
3. HINDBRAIN
54
MEMORY TOOL FOR ORDER OF CRANIAL NERVES
Old Opulent Olivia Tries To Absolutely Fucking Vacuum Grandma Virginia's Ancient House
55
LATERAL + THIRD VENTRICLES (+ CEREBRAL HEMIS) = located in this major division
in FOREBRAIN
56
LATERAL VENTRICLES = located in this subdivision
in TELENCEPHALON
57
THIRD VENTRICLE = located in this subdivision
in DIENCEPHALON
58
3 main structures in TELENCEPHALON
1. CEREBRAL CORTEX
2. BASAL GANGLIA
3. LIMBIC SYSTEM
59
2 main structures in DIENCEPHALON
1. THALAMUS
2. HYPOTHALAMUS
60
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT = located in this major division
MIDBRAIN
61
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT = located in this subdivision
MESENCEPHALON
62
2 main structures in MESENCEPHALON
1. TECTUM
2. TEGMENTUM
63
FOURTH VENTRICLE = located in this major division
HINDBRAIN
64
FOURTH VENTRICLE = located in this subdivision
METENCEPHALON
65
2 main structures in METENCEPHALON
1. CEREBELLUM
2. PONS
66
1 main structure in MYENCEPHALON
1. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
67
6 STRUCTURES OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
1. AMYGDALA
2. HYPOTHALAMUS
3. CINGULATE CORTEX
4. ANTERIOR THALAMUS
5. MAMMILLARY BODIES
6. HIPPOCAMPUS
68
group of nuclei below cortex in FOREBRAIN that = involved in motor control
BASAL GANGLIA
69
3 NUCLEI OF BASAL GANGLIA
1. CAUDATE NUCLEUS
2. PUTAMEN
3. GLOBUS PALLIDUS
70
3 DISEASES ASSOC W DAMAGE TO BASAL GANGLIA
1. PARKINSONS
2. HUNTINGTONS
3. TOURETTES
71
group of nuclei that = largest portion of DIENCEPHALON above HYPOTHALAMUS
THALAMUS
72
sensory + motor relay centre
FUNCTION OF THALAMUS
73
2 NUCLEI OF THALAMUS
1. LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
2. MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
74
nucleus of THALAMUS that relays info from RETINA to PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
75
nucleus of THALAMUS that relays in from AUDITORY PATHWAY to PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
76
group of nuclei in DIENCEPHALON beneath THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
77
- maintain equilibrium/homeostasis
- regulate food intake
- regulate body temp
- regulate hormones
FUNCTION OF HYPOTHALAMUS
78
2 COLLICULI OF TECTUM
1. SUPERIOR COLLICULI
2. INFERIOR COLLICULI
79
protrusions on top of MIDBRAIN that = part of VISUAL SYSTEM involved in REM
SUPERIOR COLLICULI
80
protrusions on top of MIDBRAIN that = part of AUDITORY SYSTEM
INFERIOR COLLICULI
81
"little brain" at back of brain that:
- controls fine motor control/balance
- role in many cog processes
- has IPSILATERAL motor organization
CEREBELLUM
82
region of METENCEPHALON that:
- connects CORTEX + CEREBELLUM
- has vestibular functions (balance)
- controls sleep + arousal
PONS
83
Where is the SUPERIOR OLIVE located?
in the PONS
84
region of MYENCEPHALON that controls reflexes/respiratory/heart rate + contains RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
85
system in MEDULLA that controls arousal/attn/sleep-wake cycles
RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
86
hollow tube closed at rostral end that = origin of CNS
NEURAL TUBE
87
1. part of ECTODERM thickens + forms a plate
2. edges of plate curl toward each other creating NEURAL GROOVE
3. DAY 21: NEURAL GROOVE closes to form NEURAL TUBE
4. DAY 28: NEURAL TUBE = closed at rostral end, develops 3 interconnected chambers which become VENTRICLES + tissue surrounding them become FOREBRAIN/MIDBRAIN/HINDBRAIN
STEPS OF GROSS BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN EMBRYO
88
When do wrinkles in brain start to form?
7 MONTHS
89
stem cells lining inside of NEURAL TUBE that give rise to cells of CNS
PROGENITOR CELLS
90
layer of cells that line inside of NEURAL TUBE which contains PROGENITOR CELLS that divide + give rise to cells of CNS
VENTRICULAR ZONE (VZ)
91
1. cell birth
2. cell migration
3. cell differentiation
4. cell maturation (axon/dendritic growth)
5. synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
6. cell death (synaptic pruning)
STEPS OF CELL GROWTH/DEVELOPMENT
92
special glia w fibres that grow OUTWARD from VENTRICULAR ZONE to surface of cortex that provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development
RADIAL GLIA
93
growth of dendritic branches
DENDRITIC ARBORIZATION
94
AXONS grow ____ than DENDRITES do
faster
95
process where UNNECESSARY neural connections = KILLED OFF
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
96
protein that promotes survival + without successful contact w another neuron, dendrite will not receive enough
NEUROTROPHIN
97
cell death
APOPTOSIS
