11: OTHER SENSES Flashcards
1
Q
- detect sound
- determine location of source
- recognize identity of sources
A
3 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF HEARING
2
Q
STIMULI OF AUDITORY SYSTEM
A
SOUND WAVES
3
Q
vibrations of an object that causes air particles to vibrate (oscillations of COMPRESSED/RATIFIED air)
A
SOUND WAVES
4
Q
3 PERCEPTUAL DIMENSIONS OF AUDITION
A
- PITCH
- LOUDNESS
- TIMBRE
5
Q
freq of vibration in Hz
A
PITCH
6
Q
vibration cycles per sec
A
HERTZ (Hz)
7
Q
intensity of sound
A
LOUDNESS
8
Q
complexity of sound (mixture of vibrations)
A
TIMBRE
9
Q
external ear
A
PINNA
10
Q
sounds coming in PINNA travel into rest of ear via this canal
A
EAR CANAL
11
Q
eardrum that responds to sound vibrations + moves the OSSICLES
A
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
12
Q
three bones in MIDDLE EAR
A
OSSICLES
13
Q
3 OSSICLES
A
- MALLEUS
- INCUS
- STAPES
14
Q
1st ossicle that connects w TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
A
MALLEUS (HAMMER)
15
Q
2nd ossicle that transmits vibrations w STAPES to COCHLEA
A
INCUS (ANVIL)
16
Q
3rd ossicle that transmits vibrations w INCUS to COCHLEA
A
STAPES (STIRRUP)
17
Q
opening in bone surrounding COCHLEA that reveals a membrane against which the baseplate of STAPES presses, transmitting sound vibrations into fluid within COCHLEA
A
OVAL WINDOW
18
Q
snail-shaped structure of INNER EAR that contains auditory TRANSDUCING mechanisms
A
COCHLEA
19
Q
sensory organ on BASILAR MEMBRANE that contains auditory HAIR CELLS + TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
A
ORGAN OF CORTI
20
Q
receptive cells of auditory apparatus
A
HAIR CELLS
21
Q
hairlike projections of HAIR CELLS involved in mvmt/TRANSDUCING sensory info
A
CILIA
22
Q
membrane along COCHLEA that contains ORGAN OF CORTI + is TUNED to diff freqs
A
BASILAR MEMBRANE
23
Q
membrane located above BASILAR MEMBRANE that serves as a shelf against which CILIA of auditory HAIR CELLS move
A
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
24
Q
branch of VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE that transmits auditory info from COCHLEA to brain
A
COCHLEAR NERVE
25
hair cells necessary for NORMAL HEARING (where 95% of synapses occur)
INNER HAIR CELLS
26
effector cells that alter vibrations of INNER HAIR CELLS
OUTER HAIR CELLS
27
1. AUDITORY NERVE
2. COCHLEAR NUCLEI
3. SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS
4. LATERAL LEMNISCUS
5. INFERIOR COLLICULUS
6. MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
7. AUDITORY CORTEX
PRIMARY AUDITORY PATHWAY
28
group of nuclei in MEDULLA that receive auditory info from COCHLEA
COCHLEAR NUCLEI
29
group of nuclei in MEDULLA that involve LOCALIZATION of sound
SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS
30
band of fibres running thru MEDULLA/PONS that carries fibres of auditory system
LATERAL LEMNISCUS
31
protrusions at top of MIDBRAIN
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
32
group of cells bodies in THALAMUS that receives fibres from auditory system + projects fibres to AUDITORY CORTEX
MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
33
AUDITORY PATHWAY has ____ (CONTRALAT/IPSILAT/BOTH) projections
CONTRALAT + IPSILAT
34
organization in which relationship btwn CORTEX + BASILAR MEMBRANE involves diff parts of BASILAR MEMBRANE responding best to diff freqs
TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION
35
2 WAYS COCHLEA DETECTS FREQ
1. PLACE CODING
2. RATE CODING
36
idea that diff parts of BASILAR MEMBRANE flex in resp to diff freqs of sound
PLACE CODING
37
idea that info abt diff freqs = coded by RATE OF FIRING neurons in auditory system
RATE CODING
38
MODERATE-HIGH freqs = detected thru _____ CODING
LOW freqs = detected thru ____ CODING
PLACE; RATE
39
LOUDNESS = transmitted to CNS by _____
RATE OF FIRING
40
LOUDNESS of LOW freqs = signalled by ______
NUMBER OF NEURONS FIRING
41
_____ allow us to distinguish that diff instruments that are playing the same notes are still being played by diff instruments
TIMBRE
42
3 MECHANISMS THAT DETECT LOCATIONS OF SOUND SOURCES (+ WAT THEY DETERMINE)
1. PHASE DIFFS (LOW FREQS)
2. INTENSITY DIFFS (HIGH FREQS)
3. ANALYSIS OF TIMBRE (HEIGHT/FRONT/BACKNESS OF SOUND)
43
diffs in arrival times of sound waves at each of ear drums
PHASE DIFFS
44
idea that head absorbs high freqs by producing SONIC SHADOW so ear CLOSEST to source of sound receives most INTENSE stimulations
INTENSITY DIFFS
45
idea that auditory system must recognize that particular patterns of constantly changing activity belong to DIFF sound sources
PATTENR RECOGNITION
46
2 STREAMS OF AUDITORY CORTEX
1. ANTERIOR STREAM
2. POSTERIOR STREAM
47
WHAT STREAM: involved in perceiving COMPLEX SOUNDS
ANTERIOR STREAM
48
WHERE STREAM: involved in perceiving LOCATION OF SOUNDS
POSTERIOR STREAM
49
1. balance
.2 head position
3. adjusting eye mvmts to compensate for head mvmts
3 FUNCTIONS OF VESTIB SYSTEM
50
3 ringlike structures that detect changes in HEAD ROTATION + respond to angular acceleration
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
51
one of 2 receptor organs in each INNER EAR that detect changes in HEAD TILT + respond to GRAVITY
VESTIBULAR SAC
52
most axons synapse on ____ ____ in MEDULLA + some synapse w ____
VESTIBULAR NUCLEI; CEREBELLUM
53
reflex in which eyes stay locked on smth despite head moving in diff directions
VESTIBULO OCCULAR REFLEX
54
- LOW FREQ stimulation of ______ can cause NAUSEA
- stimulation of _____ can cause DIZZINESS/NYSTAGMUS
VESTIBULAR SACS; SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
55
rhythmic left/right eye mvmts
NYSTAGMUS
56
senses that provide info abt wat = happening on SURFACE/INSIDE body
SOMATOSENSES
57
4 TYPES OF SOMATOSENSES
1. CUTANEOUS SENSES
2. PROPRIOCEPTION
3. KINESTHESIA
4. ORGANIC SENSES
58
skin sense that have to do w TOUCH
CUTANEOUS SENSES
59
sense that has to do w perception of body POSITION/POSTURE
PROPRIOCEPTION
60
sense that has to do w body MVMT
KINESTHESIA
61
sense modality from receptors within INNER ORGANS of body
ORGANIC SENSES
62
BUTTERFLIES IN STOMACH = EXAMPLE OF ____
ORGANIC SENSES
63
parts of body more sensitive to touch get MORE portions of cortex devoted to them
OVERREPRESENTATION OF MOTOR/SOMATOSENSORY STRIPS
64
2 TYPES OF STIMULI FOR SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
1. TOUCH
2. KINESTHESIA
65
4 DIFF PROPERTIES OF TOUCH STIMULUS
1. PRESSURES
2. VIBRATION
3. TEMP
4. PAIN
66
touch caused by mechanical deformation of skin
PRESSURE
67
touch caused by running skin over textured surface
VIBRATION
68
touch caused by objects that lower/raise body temp
TEMP
69
touch caused by tissue damage
PAIN
70
receptors that report changes in MUSCLE LENGTH
STRETCH RECEPTORS IN MUSCLE
71
receptors that respond to MAGNITUDE/DIRECTION of limb mvmt
JOINT RECEPTORS BTWN BONES
72
receptors that respond to changes in STRETCHING of SKIN during JOINT/MUSCLE mvmts
FACE RECEPTORS (?)
73
receptors that respond to FORCE of mvmts
TENDON RECEPTORS
74
skin that does NOT contain hair + contains more complex mixture of FREE NERVE ENDINGS/AXONS (palms/soles of feet)
GLABROUS SKIN
75
touch-sensitive skin receptor important in detecting STRETCH/STATIC FORCE (indentations) against skin
RUFFINI CORPUSCLES
76
vibration-sensitive skin receptor important in detecting VIBRATION from object being held
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
77
sensory neurons that respond to MECHANICAL STIMULI (PRESSURE/STRETCH/VIBRATION OF SKIN/MUSCLES/TENDONS)
MECHANORECEPTORS
78
fast-conducting axons that detect LOCALIZATION of touch
LARGE-DIAMETER MYELINATED AXONS
79
axons that detect TEMP/PAIN
SMALL-DIAMETER UNMYELINATED AXONS
80
COOLNESS receptors = ____
WARMTH receptors = ____
closer to SURFACE of skin; DEEPER in skin
81
regulation of body temp by sweating which cools body thru sweat going to SURFACE of skin
THERMOREGULATION
82
pathways that relay info abt SOMATOSENSATION from receptors → thru SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES → to PRIMARY/SECONDARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS
83
inability to recognize common objects by TOUCH
TACTILE AGNOSIA
84
MISLOCALIZATION of touch
ALLOCHIRIA
85
inability to identify body parts that have been touched
AUTOTOPAGNOSIA
86
1. SENSORY COMPONENT
2. IMMEDIATE EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCES
.3 LONG-TERM EMOTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC PAIN
3 PERCEPTUAL/BHVRL EFFECTS OF PAIN
87
SENSORY COMPONENT OF PAIN = MEDIATED BY ____
PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAY
88
EMOTIONAL COMPONENT OF PAIN = MEDIATED BY ____ + _____
ANTERIOR CINGULATE + INSULAR CORTICES
89
LONG-TERM EMO IMPLICATIONS OF PAIN = MEDIATED BY
PATHWAYS OF FRONTAL CORTEX
90
pain receptors
NOCICEPTORS
91
active ingredient in chilli peppers that makes them spicy
CAPSAICIN
92
STIMULUS OF OLFACTORY SYSTEM
ODORANT
93
volatile substances that rapidly vaporize
ODORANT
94
epithelial tissue at top of nasal cavity that covers CRIBRIFORM PLATE + contains CILIA of olfactory receptors
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
95
nasal cavity bone at base of front part of brain
CRIBRIFORM PLATE
96
mucous membrane at top of nasal cavity
OLFACTORY MUCOSA
97
bipolar neurons whose cell bodies = within OLFACTORY MUCOSA that line CRIBRIFORM PLATE that sends signals to OLFACTORY BULB
OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS
98
bulbs at base of brain at ends of OLFACTORY TRACTS that contains cells involved in smell
OLFACTORY BULBS
99
How many diff receptor types do we have that = tuned to diff odours
500-1000
100
OLFACTION/GUSTATION = only sensory systems that have ____ ORGANIZATION
IPSILATERAL
101
olfactory impairment causing LOSS of smell/difficulty distinguishing smells
ANOSMIA
102
STIMULUS OF GUSTATORY SYSTEM
TASTE
103
6 QUALITIES OF TASTE
1. BITTERNESS
2. SOURNESS
3. SWEETNESS
4. SALTINESS
5. UMAMI
6. FAT
104
- Japanese word that translates to beautiful taste
- MSG
- sensed by GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS
UMAMI
105
biggest aspect of FAT
provides MOUTH FEEL
106
small bumps on TONGUE
PAPILLAE
107
3 TYPES OF PAPILLAE
1. FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE
2. FOLIATE PAPILLAE
3. CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE
108
papillae on front 2/3 of tongue
FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE
109
papillae consisting of up to 8 folds along each edge of back of tongue
FOLIATE PAPILLAE
110
papillae arrange in inverted V on back 1/3 of tongue
CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE
111
receptive organs in tongue that = arranged around PAPILLAE that consist of groups of 20-50 receptor cells
TASTE BUDS
112
LIFE SPAN OF TASTE RECEPTOR CELLS
10-14 DAYS
113
3 CRANIAL NERVES INVOLVED IN TRANSFER OF GUSTATORY INFO
1. FACIAL (VII)
2. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX)
3. VAGUS (X)
114
cranial nerve that receives taste info from FRONT part of tongue
FACIAL
115
cranial nerve that receives taste info from BACK part of tongue
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
116
cranial nerve that receives taste info from receptors in PALATE/GLOTTIS
VAGUS
117
branch of FACIAL nerve that passes beneath ear drum + conveys taste info from FRONT part of tongue
CHORDA TYMPANI
118
1. NUCLEUS OF SOLITARY TRACT OF MEDULLA
2. VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS
3. PRIMARY GUSTATORY CORTEX (VENTRAL FRONTAL CORTEX/INSULAR CORTEX)
PRIMARY GUSTATORY PATHWAY
119
nucleus of MEDULLA that receives info from gustatory system
NUCLEUS OF SOLITARY TRACT OF MEDULLA
120
relax station that receives info from TRIGEM NERVE
VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS
