16 LEARNING + MEMORY Flashcards
process by experiences change our nervous system + bhvr which allows us to acquire new info from the envmt
LEARNING
ability to retain learned info that involves long term changes in the nervous system
MEMORY
INFO-PROCESSING MODEL OF MEMORY STEPS
- ENCODING
- CONSOLIDATION
- STORAGE
- RETRIEVAL
learning that produces changes in nervous system by encoding new info to be learned
ENCODING
process by which STM = converted into LTM
CONSOLIDATION
hyptohesis that memory can be divided into categories that reflect the type of info being remembered
MULTIPLE TRACE HYP OF MEMORY
2 TRACES OF LTM
- DECLARATIVE/EXPLICIT MEM
- NONDECLARATIVE/IMPLICIT MEM
2 TRACES OF DECLARATIVE MEM
- EPISODIC MEM (EVENTS)
- SEMANTIC MEM (FACTS)
4 TRACES OF NONDECLARATIVE MEM
- PROCEDURAL MEM
- PERCEPTUAL MEM
- CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- NONASSOC LEARNING
brief period of time during which initial sensation of envmtl stimuli = initially remembered
SENSORY MEM
- LARGE capacity
- RAPID decay
- lasts for fraction of sec-few secs
- occurs in each of senses + allows individuals to retain experience of sensation slightly longer than OG stimulus
DESCRIPTION OF SENSORY MEM
brain region involved in SENSORY MEM
SENSORY ASSOCIATION AREAS
memory that = meaningful/salient enough to be passed on from SENSORY MEM
SHORT TERM MEM (WORKING MEM)
- SEVERELY LIMITED capacity (can be expanded thru CHUNKING)
- lasts for secs-mins (can be extended thru REHEARSAL)
DESCRIPTION OF STM
brain region involved in STM
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
memory btwn STM + LTM
INTERMEDIATE-TERM MEMORY
- lasts for hrs-days
may be transferred to LTM thru REHEARSAL
DESCRIPTION OF INTERMEDIATE-TERM MEM
memory of info that has been CONSOLIDATED from STM
LONG TERM MEMORY
- lasts for mins/days/decades
- NOT ALL info from STM makes it to LTM
- can be retrieved throughout lifetime (strengthen thru retrieval)
DESCRIPTION OF LTM
theory that memory fades away w time unless there is REHEARSAL
DECAY THEORY
theory that memory for other material INTERFERES w info we are trying to remember
INTERFERENCE THEORY
according to the ___ THEORY: we have better recall of info when the presentation of info = spaced out over time
INTERFERENCE
idea that we recall items BETTER when they are presented FIRST/LAST
PRIMACY/RECENCY
idea that memory system has ENOGUH RESOURCES to transfer items at BEGINNING of list into LTM
PRIMACY
idea that items at END of list = STILL in LTM + are therefore AVAIL for recall
RECENCY
2 brain regions involved in CONSOLIDATION
- HIPPOCAMPUS
- AMYGDALA
PROCESS OF CONSOLIDATION IN THE BRAIN
- HIPPOCAMPUS receives info abt its going on from SENSORY/MOTOR ASSOC CORTICES, BASAL GANGLIA + AMYGDALA
- it processes info
- thru EFFERENT connections w those regions, it MODIFIES mems being consolidated there
- LINKS mems together in ways that allow us to REMEMBER the relationships among elements of mems
memories = subject to modification thru ___ + ____
REACTIVATION + RECONSOLIDATION
process of CONSOLIDATION of a memory that occurs after the original CONSOLIDATION that can be triggered by a reminder of the OF stimulus
RECONSOLIDATION
memories we are NOT necessarily conscious fo (IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE)
NONDECLARATIVE MEMORY
memories of events/facts we can think/talk about
DECLARATIVE MEMORY
memory of a collection of PERCEPTIONS OF EVENTS organized in time + identified by a particular context
EPISODIC (AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL) MEMS
memory of FACTS/GENERAL INFO/CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE
SEMANTIC MEMS
brain region involved in DECLARATIVE MEM
HIPPOCAMPUS
brain region involved in PROCEDURAL MEM
BASAL GANGLIA
brain region involved in EMOTIONAL MEM
AMYGDALA
brain region involved in ‘WORKING WITH’ MEM
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
concept involved in PERCEPTUAL MEMORY that is an alteration of response to a stimulus as a result of PRIOR EXPOSURE
PRIMING
concept involved in PROCEDURAL MEMORY that is a learning procedure where the effects of a particular bhvr in a particular situation INCR (REINFORCE)/DECR (PUNISH) the probability of the bhvr
INSTRUMENTAL/OPERANT CONDITIONING
series of connected memes that become automatic w practice
MOTOR LEARNING
concept in EMOTIONAL MEMORY that = the assoc btwn STIMULUS + VALENCE
CONDITIONED FEAR RESP
how PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT a stimulus is
VALENCE
concept in EMOTIONAL MEMORY where if CONDITIONED stimulus = repeated without the UNCONDITIONED stimulus enough then CONDITIONED RESPONSE disappears
EXTINCTION
concept in NON-ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY that involves IGNORING incoming info that = NOT relevant
HABITUATION/DESENSITIZATION
learning to recognize a particular stimulus
PERCEPTUAL LEARNING
learning RELATIONSHIPS among individuals stimuli
RELATIONAL LEARNING
learning to automatically make a particular resp in presence of a particular stimulus
STIMULUS-RESPONSE LEARNING
AUTOMATIC/UNVOLUNTARY reflexes that do NOT have to be learned
TYPE OF BHVR IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
BRAND NEW/VOLUNTARY bhvrs that HAVE been learned
TYPE OF BHVR IN OPERANT CONDITIONING
assoc btwn 2 stimuli
TYPE OF ASSOCIATION IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
assoc btwn stimulus + response
TYPE OF ASSOCIATION IN OPERANT CONDITIONING
stimulus that elicits UNLEARNED/REFLEXIVE resp
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (US)
LEARNED/REFLEXIVE bhvrl response to an UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UR)
stimulus that elicits LEARNED/REFLEXIVE response following pairing w UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
LEARNED/REFLEXIVE resp to a CONDITIONED STIMULUS established after repeated paragon of UNCONDITIONED + CONDITIONED STIMULI
CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
hypothesis/rule that cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of synapse that = repeatedly active when postsynaptic neuron fires
HEBBIAN LEARNING (HEBB RULE)
after several pairings of 2 stimuli + after several increments of strengthening → synapse btwn 2 types of nuerons becomes strong enough to cause motor neuron to fire by itself
HOW HEBB RULE = MECHANISM FOR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
long term INCR in excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by RPTD HIGH-FREQ activity of that input
LONG TERM POTENTIATION (LTP)
idea that LTP strengthens existing synapses + creates new ones
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
