4 Acid / Base Homeostasis

Question 1

What effect on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide does hyperventilation have?

Answer 1

decrease

Question 2

Which two molecules are used by erythrocytes to assist in pH regulation?

Answer 2

Bicarbonate

Haemoglobin

Question 3

What does the constant K signify in Acid-Base homeostasis?

Answer 3

Rate of conversion from an Acid, to an Acid plus the conjugate base

Question 4

Which clinical diagnosis is the most common cause of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 4

COAD / COPD

Question 5

Which three components of the body bear principle responsibility in maintaining blood pH?

Answer 5

Lungs

Kidneys

Erythrocytes

Question 6

Alkalosis is a process leading to:

Answer 6

Alkalaemia

Question 7

What effect on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide does hypoventilation have?

Answer 7

Increase

Question 8

What molecule is used by erythrocytes to scavenge excess protons produced by the tissues?

Answer 8

Haemoglobin

Question 9

Metabolic acidosis results from either excessive production or inefficient excretion of:

Answer 9

Nonvolatile acids

Question 10

the pH of the blood is approximated by the ratio of which two buffer molecules?

Answer 10

HCO₃^-

pCO₂

_{Bicarbonate / partial pressure of carbon dioxide}

Question 11

Compensation for respiratory alkalosis and acidosis is carried out by:

The lungs

or

The kidneys?

Answer 11

The kidneys

Question 12

The ideal buffer has a pK_a that has what relationship with pH?

Answer 12

very close to the desired pH

Question 13

hyperkalaemia can result from an excess entry to the erythrocyte of what ion?

Answer 13

H⁺

Question 14

By what mechanisms do proteins use to achieve pH buffering?

Answer 14

ion binding and release by Amine and Carboxyl groups

Question 15

Respiratory alkalosis is caused principally by:

Answer 15

Hyperventilation

Question 16

pCO₂ levels are monitored by receptors in which areas of the body?

Answer 16

The brainstem

Question 17

What is the most common cause of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 17

Decreased ventilation

Question 18

If the primary change in acid-base balance is in pCO₂, the disorder is considered:

Answer 18

Respiratory

Question 19

The metabolic component of the bicarbonate buffer is:

HCO₃^-

or

pCO₂?

Answer 19

HCO₃^-

Question 20

The ratio of Na⁺ and K⁺ versus HCO₃^- and Cl^- is known as:

Answer 20

The anion gap

Question 21

Massive loss of hydrogen ions due to severe emesis can result in which condition of pH imbalance?

Answer 21

Metabolic Alkalosis

Question 22

The scavenging of bicarbonate from the filtrate back to the blood is achieved in which part of the nephron?

Answer 22

Proximal tubule

Question 23

Carbonic anhydrase is utilised in pH balancing in which two types of cells?

Answer 23

Erythrocytes

Renal Tubule cells

Question 24

If the primary change in acid-base balance is in plasma bicarbonate, the disorder is considered:

Answer 24

Metabolic

Question 25

Erythrocytes use water to create carbonic acid using what metabolic byproduct of the tissues?

Answer 25

CO₂

Question 26

Acidosis is a process leading to the condition:

Answer 26

Acidaemia

Question 27

pO₂ changes are detected by receptors in which areas of the body?

Answer 27

Carotid bodies

Aortic Arch

Question 28

Which two molecules / elements formed in the tissues must be managed in order to maintain blood pH?

Answer 28

CO₂

H⁺

Question 29

pO₂ is an important metric in blood analysis, what does the ‘P’ stand for?

Answer 29

Partial pressure

Question 30

In maintaining charge balance within erythrocytes, which ion is exchanged for H⁺?

Answer 30

K⁺

Question 31

What are the two main intracellular pH buffers?

Answer 31

Proteins and Phosphates

Question 32

Compensation for metabolic alkalosis and acidosis is carried out by:

The lungs

or

The kidneys?

Answer 32

The lungs

Question 33

What are the two key factors affecting blood pH?

Answer 33

Respiratory

Metabolic

Question 34

Which zinc-containing enzyme is important in conversion of CO₂ to Carbonic Acid?

Answer 34

Carbonic anhydrase