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Biochemistry > 2 Lipids & Fatty Things > Flashcards

2 Lipids & Fatty Things Flashcards

1
Q

In addition to causing potential atherosclerosis, what is the positive function of LDL in the body?

A

Supply of cholesterol to tissues

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2
Q

The enzymes LCAT and ACAT add or remove lipids from lipoproteins?

A

Add Lipids

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3
Q

The release of fatty acids is assisted by what class of lipoproteins?

A

C

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4
Q

What is the key Lipoprotein receptor?

A

LDL Receptor

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5
Q

The number of chylomicrons in the body is roughly proportional to the amount of which lipoprotein?

A

Apo(B-48)

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6
Q

How much ATP is yielded by the ß-Oxidation forming one Acetyl CoA?

A

4x ATP

(NADH 2.5 + FADH 1.5)

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7
Q

HDL stands for:

A

High density Lipoproteins

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8
Q

what nickname is commonly associated with the lipoprotein LDL?

A

“The Bad Cholesterol”

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9
Q

What is the delivery method for fats from the intestines?

A

Chylomicrons

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10
Q

What type of lipoprotein delivers fat in the fasting state?

A

VLDL

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11
Q

Which apolipoprotein is an exact marker for the sum of VLDL and LDL?

A

Apo(B-100)

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12
Q

Which lipoprotein of the A class is almost entirely genetically determined?

A

Apo(A)

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13
Q

Which Apolipoprotein mediates transfer of IDL back to the liver?

A

Apo-E

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14
Q

What does a fatty acid need to be converted to, in order to be metabolised for energy?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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15
Q

IDL stands for:

A

Intermediate density Lipoproteins

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16
Q

Phosphatidylserine is found in high quantities in the plasma membrane phospholipids - what is this useful for?

A

Phosphorylation

Cellular signalling

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17
Q

what is Steatorrhoea?

A

Fatty stools

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18
Q

By what pathway does Acetyl CoA leave the mitochondrial outer matrix?

A

The Citrate Shuttle

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19
Q

In which lipoprotein will large amounts of apoA1 be found?

A

HDL

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20
Q

Abetaproteinemia (lack of B-48 and B-100 apolipoproteins) can result in:

what symptom

and

what effect on the liver?

A

Steatorhoea

Fatty liver

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21
Q

Which of the B-class lipoproteins are mostly produced in the intestines,

B-100, or B-48?

A

B-48

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22
Q

What is the main component of IDL?

A

Triglycerides

Cholesterol

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23
Q

which lipoprotein is nicknamed the Bad Cholesterol?

A

LDL

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24
Q

during one round of ß-oxidation yielding one Acetal CoA, how much FADH and NADH is produced?

A

1x NADH

1x FADH

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25
Q

VLDL stands for:

A

Very low density Lipoproteins

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26
Q

What are the two B-class Lipoproteins?

A

B-48

B-100

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27
Q

Atherosclerosis is caused by damage to the lumen of blood vessels and high plasma concentrations of what lipoprotein?

A

HDL

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28
Q

What is the main component of VLDL?

A

Triglycerides

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29
Q

What is the protein component of lipoprotein particles called?

A

Apolipoproteins

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30
Q

How is LDL receptor expression regulated?

A

By intracellular cholesterol levels

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31
Q

Which organ is the prime site of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis?

A

The Liver

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32
Q

How do chylomicrons from the intestines enter the systemic circulation?

A

Via the thoracic duct, to the left subclavian vein

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33
Q

When forming lipids in the cytosol, fatty acid synthase begins the construction of the chain and subsequent pairs of carbons are added by ________.

A

Malonyl-CoA

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34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of a Statin drug?

A

Inhibit conversion of Acetyl CoA to Cholesterol

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35
Q

Malonyl-CoA has how many carbons?

A

Three

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36
Q

The key lipoprotein receptor binds with which lipoproteins?

A

ApoB-100 & ApoE

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37
Q

What is the upper limit (in number of carbons) that can be linked by Fatty Acid Synthase?

A

16 carbons

38
Q

What is a Foam Cell?

A

A Macrophage engorged with cholesterol (from LDL)

39
Q

What molecules are brought together to produce one ketone body?

A

2x Acetyl-CoA molecules

40
Q

Malonyl-CoA adds three carbons to the two carbons already in place by Acetyl-CoA, how is the carbon chain continued when there are now five carbon atoms?

A

One carbon is lost to CO2, in order to receive the next Malonyl-CoA

41
Q

What is the function of Apolipoprotein A-1?

(apoA1)

A

Esterification of tissue cholesterol collected by HDL

42
Q

What molecules form the scaffold upon which lipoproteins are built?

A

Apoproteins

43
Q

By what process can large faty acids pass across the mitochondrial membrane?

A

The Carnitine Shuttle

44
Q

What is the main component of HDL?

A

Protein

45
Q

Can ketone bodies be used directly as fuel in the body?

A

No

46
Q

Athersclerotic plaque which grows slowly and gradually obstructs the lumen will lead to:

Stable Angina

or

Acute Myocardial Infarction

A

Stable Angina

47
Q

Fats are the main source of energy in the body with the exception of two areas:

A

Brain

Erythrocytes

48
Q

what is the difference between a VLDL and an IDL lipoprotein?

A

the IDL has been depleted of fatty acids

has more cholesterol

49
Q

Why is Apo(B-100) an exact marker of the total VLDL and LDL in the body?

A

One molecule per lipoprotein particle

50
Q

Which Lipoprotein mediates transfer of LDL back to the liver?

A

Apo-B

51
Q

What group is found at the end of a fatty acid chain?

A

COOH

(Carboxy Group)

52
Q

What molecules are found embedded in the surface of lipoprotein particles and determine their metabolic fate?

A

Apolipoproteins

53
Q

When forming lipids in the cytosol, _________________ the construction of the chain and subsequent pairs of carbons are added by Malonyl-CoA.

A

Fatty Acid Synthase

54
Q

Reversing the reaction from Oxaloacetate to Citrate yields what molecule?

A

Acetyl-CoA

55
Q

Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency results in difficulty loading or unloading lipids from lipoproteins?

A

unloading

56
Q

Which of the B-class lipoproteins is mostly produced in the liver, B-100 or B-48?

A

B-100

57
Q

What is the purpose of ß-Oxidation of fatty acids?

A

Cleaving two carbons off the fatty acid chain

(To make Acetyl-CoA)

58
Q

What molecule is required in addition to enzymes in order for Oxaloacetate to form Citrate?

A

Acetyl-CoA

59
Q

HDL does almost the opposite job to LDL, what is this task?

A

Scavenging cholesterol from the blood bessels

60
Q

With the help of ATP, a fatty acid is converted to what, prior to being able to form Acetyl-CoA?

A

Ketone

61
Q

What is the delivery method of fats produced in the liver?

A

VLDL

62
Q

In what layer of the blood vessel do lipids accumulate in atherosclerosis?

A

The Intima

63
Q

Fat fuel transport is carried out almost exclusively by which two lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicron

VLDL

64
Q

Genetic malformation of which lipoprotein class leads to Type III Hyperlipidemia?

A

ApoE

65
Q

Can relatively small fatty acid molecules cross the lipid membrane without assistance?

A

Yes

66
Q

What are the three main functions of lipid transport enzymes?

A

Addition

Removal

Switching

(of Lipids)

67
Q

What is the function of the enzyme CETP?

A

Switching lipid cargo between lipoproteins

68
Q

Which lipoprotein assists with docking to the liver?

A

ApoE

69
Q

if a fatty acid chain has 10 carbons, how many times will ß-Oxidation take place to provide Acetyl-CoA for the TCA cycle?

A

Four times

70
Q

The integrity of the luminal epithelium of blood vessels is maintained by which lipoprotein?

A

HDL

71
Q

the enzymes LPL and HTGL both remove or add lipids to lipoproteins?

A

Remove

72
Q

Short four-carbon ‘mini fats’ are known as:

A

Ketone bodies

73
Q

What is the main component of a chylomycron?

A

Triglycerides

74
Q

What is dislipidemia?

A

Dysregulation of lipoprotein balance in the body

75
Q

What proteins bind to free floating short chain fatty acids in the blood stream?

A

Albumin

76
Q

What is the main component of LDL?

A

Cholesterol

77
Q

What is the function of serum albumin?

A

Binding to free floating short chain fatty acids in the blood

78
Q

Which enzyme is associated with C-class apolipoproteins?

A

Lipoprotein Lipase

79
Q

Which Apolipoprotein is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Apo(E-4)

80
Q

How are Lipoproteins taken up by cells?

A

By lipoprotein receptors

81
Q

Which lipoprotein mediates transfer of Chylomicron remnants to the liver?

A

Apo-E

82
Q

Which organelle is responsible for the ß-Oxidation of cholesterols and very long chain fatty acids?

A

Peroxisomes

83
Q

What is the function of ApoE?

A

Assist with delivery of lipoprotein contents to the liver

84
Q

List the three classes of A-class Lipoproteins

A

A

A-1

A-2

85
Q

What protein is the clinical marker for HDL?

A

ApoA1

Apolipoprotein A-1

86
Q

By what basis were Lipoproteins first categorised?

A

By density

87
Q

In atherosclerosis, what follows the LDL in to the damaged tissue areas of the luminal blood vessel?

A

Macrophages

88
Q

What do macrophages become after they have chased LDL in to the damaged luminal tissues of the blood vessel wall?

A

Foam Cells

89
Q

What is the preferred source of energy in cardiac muscle cells?

A

Fatty Acids

90
Q

What is the principle function of the bile acids?

A

Emulsification of dietary lipids

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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