2 Lipids & Fatty Things

Question 1

In addition to causing potential atherosclerosis, what is the positive function of LDL in the body?

Answer 1

Supply of cholesterol to tissues

Question 2

The enzymes LCAT and ACAT add or remove lipids from lipoproteins?

Answer 2

Add Lipids

Question 3

The release of fatty acids is assisted by what class of lipoproteins?

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the key Lipoprotein receptor?

Answer 4

LDL Receptor

Question 5

The number of chylomicrons in the body is roughly proportional to the amount of which lipoprotein?

Answer 5

Apo(B-48)

Question 6

How much ATP is yielded by the ß-Oxidation forming one Acetyl CoA?

Answer 6

4x ATP

_{(NADH 2.5 + FADH 1.5)}

Question 7

HDL stands for:

Answer 7

High density Lipoproteins

Question 8

what nickname is commonly associated with the lipoprotein LDL?

Answer 8

“The Bad Cholesterol”

Question 9

What is the delivery method for fats from the intestines?

Answer 9

Chylomicrons

Question 10

What type of lipoprotein delivers fat in the fasting state?

Answer 10

VLDL

Question 11

Which apolipoprotein is an exact marker for the sum of VLDL and LDL?

Answer 11

Apo(B-100)

Question 12

Which lipoprotein of the A class is almost entirely genetically determined?

Answer 12

Apo(A)

Question 13

Which Apolipoprotein mediates transfer of IDL back to the liver?

Answer 13

Apo-E

Question 14

What does a fatty acid need to be converted to, in order to be metabolised for energy?

Answer 14

Acetyl-CoA

Question 15

IDL stands for:

Answer 15

Intermediate density Lipoproteins

Question 16

Phosphatidylserine is found in high quantities in the plasma membrane phospholipids - what is this useful for?

Answer 16

Phosphorylation

Cellular signalling

Question 17

what is Steatorrhoea?

Answer 17

Fatty stools

Question 18

By what pathway does Acetyl CoA leave the mitochondrial outer matrix?

Answer 18

The Citrate Shuttle

Question 19

In which lipoprotein will large amounts of apoA1 be found?

Answer 19

HDL

Question 20

Abetaproteinemia (lack of B-48 and B-100 apolipoproteins) can result in:

what symptom

and

what effect on the liver?

Answer 20

Steatorhoea

Fatty liver

Question 21

Which of the B-class lipoproteins are mostly produced in the intestines,

B-100, or B-48?

Answer 21

B-48

Question 22

What is the main component of IDL?

Answer 22

Triglycerides

Cholesterol

Question 23

which lipoprotein is nicknamed the Bad Cholesterol?

Answer 23

LDL

Question 24

during one round of ß-oxidation yielding one Acetal CoA, how much FADH and NADH is produced?

Answer 24

1x NADH

1x FADH

Question 25

VLDL stands for:

Answer 25

Very low density Lipoproteins

Question 26

What are the two B-class Lipoproteins?

Answer 26

B-48 B-100

Question 27

Atherosclerosis is caused by damage to the lumen of blood vessels and high plasma concentrations of what lipoprotein?

Answer 27

HDL

Question 28

What is the main component of VLDL?

Answer 28

Triglycerides

Question 29

What is the protein component of lipoprotein particles called?

Answer 29

Apolipoproteins

Question 30

How is LDL receptor expression regulated?

Answer 30

By intracellular cholesterol levels

Question 31

Which organ is the prime site of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 31

The Liver

Question 32

How do chylomicrons from the intestines enter the systemic circulation?

Answer 32

Via the thoracic duct, to the left subclavian vein

Question 33

When forming lipids in the cytosol, fatty acid synthase begins the construction of the chain and subsequent pairs of carbons are added by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 33

Malonyl-CoA

Question 34

What is the mechanism of action of a **Statin** drug?

Answer 34

Inhibit conversion of Acetyl CoA to Cholesterol

Question 35

Malonyl-CoA has how many carbons?

Answer 35

Three

Question 36

The key lipoprotein receptor binds with which lipoproteins?

Answer 36

ApoB-100 & ApoE

Question 37

What is the **upper limit** (in number of carbons) that can be linked by **Fatty Acid Synthase**?

Answer 37

16 carbons

Question 38

What is a Foam Cell?

Answer 38

A Macrophage engorged with cholesterol (from LDL)

Question 39

What molecules are brought together to produce one ketone body?

Answer 39

2x Acetyl-CoA molecules

Question 40

Malonyl-CoA adds three carbons to the two carbons already in place by Acetyl-CoA, how is the carbon chain continued when there are now five carbon atoms?

Answer 40

One carbon is lost to CO₂, in order to receive the next Malonyl-CoA

Question 41

What is the function of Apolipoprotein A-1? (*apoA1*)

Answer 41

Esterification of tissue cholesterol collected by HDL

Question 42

What molecules form the scaffold upon which lipoproteins are built?

Answer 42

Apoproteins

Question 43

By what process can large faty acids pass across the mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 43

The Carnitine Shuttle

Question 44

What is the main component of HDL?

Answer 44

Protein

Question 45

Can ketone bodies be used directly as fuel in the body?

Answer 45

No

Question 46

Athersclerotic plaque which **grows slowly and gradually** **obstructs** the lumen will lead to: **Stable Angina** or **Acute Myocardial Infarction**

Answer 46

Stable Angina

Question 47

Fats are the main source of energy in the body with the exception of two areas:

Answer 47

Brain Erythrocytes

Question 48

what is the difference between a **VLDL** and an **IDL** lipoprotein?

Answer 48

the IDL has been depleted of fatty acids has more cholesterol

Question 49

Why is **Apo(B-100)** an **exact marker** of the total **VLDL** and **LDL** in the body?

Answer 49

One molecule per lipoprotein particle

Question 50

Which Lipoprotein mediates transfer of LDL back to the liver?

Answer 50

Apo-B

Question 51

What group is found at the end of a fatty acid chain?

Answer 51

COOH | (Carboxy Group)

Question 52

What molecules are found embedded in the surface of lipoprotein particles and determine their metabolic fate?

Answer 52

Apolipoproteins

Question 53

When forming lipids in the cytosol, _________________ the construction of the chain and subsequent pairs of carbons are added by Malonyl-CoA.

Answer 53

Fatty Acid Synthase

Question 54

Reversing the reaction from Oxaloacetate to Citrate yields what molecule?

Answer 54

Acetyl-CoA

Question 55

**Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency** results in difficulty **loading** or **unloading** lipids from lipoproteins?

Answer 55

unloading

Question 56

Which of the B-class lipoproteins is mostly produced in the **liver**, **B-100** or **B-48**?

Answer 56

B-100

Question 57

What is the purpose of **ß-Oxidation** of fatty acids?

Answer 57

Cleaving two carbons off the fatty acid chain ## Footnote *_{(To make Acetyl-CoA)}*

Question 58

What molecule is required in addition to enzymes in order for Oxaloacetate to form Citrate?

Answer 58

Acetyl-CoA

Question 59

**HDL** does almost the **opposite** job to **LDL**, what is this task?

Answer 59

Scavenging cholesterol from the blood bessels

Question 60

With the help of ATP, a fatty acid is converted to what, prior to being able to form Acetyl-CoA?

Answer 60

Ketone

Question 61

What is the delivery method of fats produced in the liver?

Answer 61

VLDL

Question 62

In what **layer** of the blood vessel do **lipids accumulate** in atherosclerosis?

Answer 62

The Intima

Question 63

Fat fuel transport is carried out almost exclusively by which two lipoproteins?

Answer 63

Chylomicron VLDL

Question 64

Genetic malformation of which **lipoprotein class** leads to **Type III Hyperlipidemia**?

Answer 64

ApoE

Question 65

Can relatively small fatty acid molecules cross the lipid membrane without assistance?

Answer 65

Yes

Question 66

What are the three main functions of lipid transport enzymes?

Answer 66

Addition Removal Switching *(of Lipids)*

Question 67

What is the **function** of the enzyme **CETP**?

Answer 67

Switching lipid cargo between lipoproteins

Question 68

Which lipoprotein assists with docking to the liver?

Answer 68

ApoE

Question 69

if a fatty acid chain has 10 carbons, how many times will ß-Oxidation take place to provide Acetyl-CoA for the TCA cycle?

Answer 69

Four times

Question 70

The **integrity** of the luminal epithelium of blood vessels is maintained by which **lipoprotein**?

Answer 70

HDL

Question 71

the enzymes **LPL** and **HTGL** both remove or add lipids to lipoproteins?

Answer 71

Remove

Question 72

Short four-carbon '*mini fats*' are known as:

Answer 72

Ketone bodies

Question 73

What is the main component of a chylomycron?

Answer 73

Triglycerides

Question 74

What is dislipidemia?

Answer 74

Dysregulation of lipoprotein balance in the body

Question 75

What proteins bind to free floating short chain fatty acids in the blood stream?

Answer 75

Albumin

Question 76

What is the main component of LDL?

Answer 76

Cholesterol

Question 77

What is the function of serum albumin?

Answer 77

Binding to free floating short chain fatty acids in the blood

Question 78

Which enzyme is associated with C-class apolipoproteins?

Answer 78

Lipoprotein Lipase

Question 79

Which **Apolipoprotein** is associated with an increased risk of **Alzheimer's Disease**?

Answer 79

Apo(E-4)

Question 80

How are Lipoproteins taken up by cells?

Answer 80

By lipoprotein receptors

Question 81

Which lipoprotein mediates transfer of Chylomicron remnants to the liver?

Answer 81

Apo-E

Question 82

Which **organelle** is responsible for the **ß-Oxidation** of cholesterols and very long chain fatty acids?

Answer 82

Peroxisomes

Question 83

What is the function of ApoE?

Answer 83

Assist with delivery of lipoprotein contents to the liver

Question 84

List the three classes of A-class Lipoproteins

Answer 84

A A-1 A-2

Question 85

What protein is the clinical marker for HDL?

Answer 85

ApoA1 ## Footnote *Apolipoprotein A-1*

Question 86

By what basis were Lipoproteins first categorised?

Answer 86

By density

Question 87

In atherosclerosis, what follows the LDL in to the damaged tissue areas of the luminal blood vessel?

Answer 87

Macrophages

Question 88

What do macrophages become after they have chased LDL in to the damaged luminal tissues of the blood vessel wall?

Answer 88

Foam Cells

Question 89

What is the preferred source of energy in cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 89

Fatty Acids

Question 90

What is the principle function of the bile acids?

Answer 90

Emulsification of dietary lipids