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Biochemistry > 3 Amino Acids & Nitrogen Metabolism > Flashcards

3 Amino Acids & Nitrogen Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are found in the interstitial space of the Intestinal Epithelium, which are critical for the absorption of nutrients to the body?

A

Blood Vessels

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2
Q

By what method do proteins obtain passage across the epithelium of the digestive tract to the blood stream?

A

By hydrolysis to Amino Acid monomers

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3
Q

Once entered in to the blood stream, what is the main use in the body for amino acids?

A

Protein Building

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4
Q

Which elements found in Amino Acids?

A

C, H, O, N

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5
Q

With regard to constituent elements, how are Amino Acids different to other macromolecules such as carbohydrates or lipids?

A

Nitrogen

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6
Q

What are the nitrogen-free intermediates formed from Amino Acids?

A

Glucose

Ketone Bodies

(And CO2 + H2O)

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7
Q

Why is Urea formed in the body?

A

Ammonia is toxic to humans

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8
Q

What is the toxic nitrogenous substance which can be formed from catabolism of Amino Acids?

A

Ammonia

NH3

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9
Q

Which metabolic intermediate can Amino Acids form in order to synthesise Fatty Acids and Lipids?

A

Acetyl CoA

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10
Q

What other functions do Amino Acids play apart from fuel metabolism and construction material for proteins?

A

Precursor Molecules

Effector Molecules

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11
Q

What type of stored fuel constitutes the second largest energy store in the body?

A

Protein

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12
Q

Which component of an Amino Acid determines the structure and function of proteins?

A

R-Group

(Side Chain)

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13
Q

Where is Ammonia synthesised in the body?

A

Anywhere in the body

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14
Q

What is the site of urea formation in the body?

A

The Liver

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15
Q

What are the three methods for removal of Amino Groups from amino acids?

A

Transamination

Oxidative Deamination

Non-Oxidative Deamination

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16
Q

Which of the following is the major pathway for removal of ammonia from the body?

Transamination

Oxidative Deamination

Non-Oxidative Deamination

A

Transamination

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17
Q

Which Coenzyme is present in all transamination reactions?

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate

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18
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, is a coenzyme in what type of reaction?

A

Transamination

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19
Q

Which three molecules are the main transporters for Ammonia to the liver?

A

Glutamate

Glutamine

α-Ketoglutarate

20
Q

What is the function of the below biomolecules?

Glutamate

Glutamine

α-Ketoglutarate

A

Transport of Ammonia (NH3) to the liver

21
Q

Glutamine is found in high concentrations in healthy blood, what is the purpose of this substance?

A

Transport of Ammonia (NH3) to the Liver

22
Q

How many NH3 groups can one Glutamine molecule transport?

A

Two

23
Q

Transition between α-Ketoglutarate ⇔ Glutamate is mediated by what enzyme?

A

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

24
Q

Transition from Glutamate to Glutamine is mediated by what enzyme?

A

Glutamine synthase

25
Q

Unloading Glutamine of ammonia is initiated by which enzyme?

A

Glutaminase

26
Q

Which of the following enzymes mediates a reversible reaction:

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Glutamate Synthetase

Glutaminase

A

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

27
Q

Which of the following enzymic reactions requires ATP?

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Glutamine Synthetase

Glutaminase

A

Glutamine Synthetase

28
Q

In which of the following enzymic reactions is NAD+ converted to NADH?

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Glutamine Synthetase

Glutaminase

A

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

29
Q

In which reaction is Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) used as an electron acceptor?

A

Oxidative Deamination

30
Q

Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) uses which enzyme to free ammonia from amino acids?

A

L-amino acid oxidase

31
Q

What cofactor is used by L-amino acid oxidase during Oxidative deamination?

A

FMN

32
Q

What is H2O2?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

33
Q

Is Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) produced during Oxidative Deamination, or Non-Oxidative Deamination?

A

Oxidative Demaination

34
Q

Which of the following is Ammonium?

NH3

NH4

A

NH4

35
Q

Where does the Urea Cycle take place?

A

Mitochondria

and

Cytosol

36
Q

In molecular terms, what is the main CO2 carrier of the bloodstream?

A

Bicarbonate

37
Q

What is the product of the protonation of Ammonia?

A

Ammonium

NH4+

38
Q

What molecule is the starting and end point of the Urea Cycle?

A

Ornithine

39
Q

Which set of reactions is Ornithine the starting point for?

A

The Urea Cycle

40
Q

Reactions involving Ornithine occur in which part of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

Carbamoyl Phosphate reacts with which molecule in the Urea Cycle to form Citruline?

A

Ornithine

42
Q

What is the product of the reaction of Ornithine and Carbamoyl Phosphate in the mitochondria?

A

Citrulline

43
Q

what is the end result of ß-Oxidation of uneven-numbered chains of fatty acids?

A

Proprionyl-CoA

44
Q

Proprionyl-CoA is the result of ß-Oxidation of fatty acid chains with even or uneven numbers of carbons?

A

Uneven

45
Q

Which amino acid is also an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Aspartate

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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