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Biochemistry > 2 The TCA cycle > Flashcards

2 The TCA cycle Flashcards

1
Q

There are three main materials which can be converted to enter the TCA cycle - what are they?

A

Glucose

Amino Acids

Fatty Acids

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2
Q

In order for cofactors to be used in the electron transport chain, what process do they need to undergo?

A

Reduction

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3
Q

What monomer forms the nitrogenous base of ATP?

A

Adenine

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4
Q

What kind of bonds hold the second and third phosphate groups in the ATP molecule?

A

High energy Anhydride linkages

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5
Q

The normothermic condition of the body cause the ATP yield to be higher or lower than that which is recorded in laboratory experiments?

A

Higher

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6
Q

What is the function of High energy anhydride linkages in ATP?

A

Linkage of phosphate groups

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7
Q

To which complex of the electron transport chain does FADH deliver electrons?

A

II

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8
Q

To which complex of the electron transport chain does NADH deliver electrons?

A

I

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9
Q

How many protons are pumped through complex II of the electron transport chain?

A

0

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10
Q

What set of reactions constitue the final common pathway of all major nutrients in the body?

A

TCA cycle

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11
Q

Where does the TCA cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

The TCA cycle can both catabolise and anabolise compounds, how is this charachteristic described?

A

Amphibolic

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13
Q

The TCA cycle is amphibolic, what does this mean?

A

The TCA cycle can anabolise and catabolise

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14
Q

What is the starting point of the TCA cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

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15
Q

What is the ending point of the TCA cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

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16
Q

What fuel molecule is required to initiate the TCA cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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17
Q

In the TCA cycle, what molecule is reacted with oxaloacetate to form citrate?

A

Acetyl CoA

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18
Q

How much ATP is directly produced in the TCA cycle?

A

None

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19
Q

Does the TCA cycle directly produce ATP?

A

No

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20
Q

What molecules enter the TCA cycle for the purpose of receiving electrons?

A

NAD+

FAD+

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21
Q

What process is associated with the steps in the TCA cycle where CO2 is produced?

A

Reduction of NAD+ to NADH

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22
Q

What ATP equivalent molecule is produced during the TCA cycle?

A

GTP

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23
Q

In addition to one GTP, how much ATP can be produced by the electrons yielded by the TCA cycle?

A

9

24
Q

Including GTP, what is the equivalent yeild in ATP produced by one revolution of the TCA cycle?

A

10

25
Q

When glucose is metabolised, how many times will the TCA cycle operate?

A

Twice

26
Q

What are the products of one complete revolution of the TCA cycle?

A

2x CO2

3x NADH

1x FADH

1x GTP

27
Q

Why must the TCA cycle end at Oxaloacetate?

A

In order to receive Acetyl CoA

28
Q

Enzymes of the Dehydrogenase type are associated with what action?

A

Electron release

(Electron uptake by NADH / FADH)

29
Q

Regulatory actions occur early or late in the TCA cycle?

A

Early

30
Q

High levels of what molecule inhibit conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA?

A

NADH

31
Q

In addition to energy, what else is produced by the TCA cycle?

A

Metabolic intermediates

32
Q

Why is fermentation important for the continuation of the TCA cycle?

A

Replenishment of the NAD+ and FAD+ pool

33
Q

In addition to energy production, what other process occurs within the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Biosynthesis

34
Q

Why are erythrocytes unable to gain energy from fats?

A

Erythrocytes lack mitochondria

35
Q

How does NADH and FADH exit the mitochondrial matrix in order to act on the proton pumps?

A

Via the shuttles

36
Q

Which shuttle of the mitochondrial inner membrane allows uptake of NADH produced during glycolysis?

A

Glycerol Phosphate shuttle

37
Q

Which of these reducing equivalent shuttles provides the highest yield of ATP?

Glycerol Phosphate

Malate-Aspartate

A

Malate-Aspartate

38
Q

In what structure of the mitochondria does oxygen accept electrons?

A

At the proton pumps

Complex I, III, IV

39
Q

To what does the Acetyl component of Acetyl-CoA refer?

A

Carriage of two carbons

40
Q

What is the name of a coenzyme which delivers two carbons to the TCA cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

41
Q

A High Energy Thioester bond is located in what area of an Acetyl CoA molecule?

A

Attaching the two carbon atoms

42
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Cofactors that assist enzymic reactions

43
Q

What is the vitamin found in Acetyl CoA?

A

Pantothenic Acid

44
Q

What feature is common to both Cysteine and Acetyl-CoA?

A

A Sulphur element

45
Q

In broad terms, what are the metabolic precursors of Acetyl-CoA?

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

46
Q

When pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA, what other molecule is released?

A

CO2

47
Q

Many fuels can be converted to Acetyl-CoA, which particular fuel pathways are bidirectional reactions?

A

Fatty acids from tryglycerides

Ketone Bodies

48
Q

What is the function of lactate dehydrogenase?

A

Conversion of Lactate to Pyruvate

49
Q

Transamination of pyruvate forms what molecule?

A

Alanine

50
Q

Pyruvate can form what substance in the TCA cycle for the purpose of gluconeogenesis?

A

Oxaloacetate

51
Q

What are the two potential pathways when pyruvate is metabolised by the body?

A

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

52
Q

What types of molecules determine if pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA or to Oxaloacetate?

A

Enzymes

53
Q

What effect does high levels of ATP have on the TCA cycle?

A

Inhibition

54
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

NADH

55
Q

Is the Lactate ⇔ Pyruvate reaction reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible

56
Q

During low glucose conditions, what is the primary source of energy for the TCA cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA from Lipose

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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