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Biochemistry > 3 Enzymes, Vitamins & Minerals > Flashcards

3 Enzymes, Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A D E K

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2
Q

Fat malabsorption may lead to deficiencies in which vitamins?

A

A D E K

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3
Q

Which vitamin group is known as Retinoids?

A

Vitamin A

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4
Q

Vitamin A is involved in which function of the body?

A

Vision

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5
Q

What is the common precursor of A Group Vitamins?

A

ß-Carotene

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6
Q

Decreased synthesis of Cholecalciferol is a result of what?

A

Inadequate sunlight exposure

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7
Q

Cholecalciferol is a cholesterol derivative known as which vitamin?

A

D3

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8
Q

Rickets and Osteomalacia are a result of a deficiency of which vitamin group?

A

Vitamin D

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9
Q

Primary Hypoparathyroidism is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin group?

A

Vitamin D

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10
Q

Anorexia, polyuria, Renal Calculi and hypercalcaemia may be indicative of a toxic excess of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

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11
Q

Regulation of bone mineralisation is associated with the levels of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

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12
Q

Bile salts are important in the intestinal absorption of which vitamin group?

A

Vitamin E

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13
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamin interacts with reactive oxygen species in order to protect the body?

A

Vitamin E

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14
Q

Vitamin E is converted to a Quinone Intermediate in a process which serves what function in the body?

A

Removal of Free Radicals

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15
Q

Vitamin E, colloquially, is considered to have what property?

A

Antioxidant Proerties

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16
Q

Abetaproteinaemia can cause deficiencies in which vitamin group?

A

Vitamin E

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17
Q

Vitamin K is critical for post translational modification of what proteins?

A

Coagulation factors

(II, VII, IX, X)

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18
Q

Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can destroy synthesis of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin K

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19
Q

Why are newborn babies administered vitamin K at birth?

A

They lack bowel colonisation

requird for production of vitamin K

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20
Q

Warfarin, a Dicoumarin drug inhibits the action of which vitamin in order to reduce thrombogenesis?

A

Vitamin K

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21
Q

Which form of Vitamin A is essential in Embryonic Development?

A

Retinoic Acid

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22
Q

What is the metabolic role of the vitamin group known as Tocopherols?

A

Reactive Oxygen Species scavenging

Vitamin E

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23
Q

How can you have an overdose of a fat soluble vitamin rather than a water soluble one?

A

fat soluble vitamins are retained and cannot be directly excreted

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24
Q

The body has no storage capacity for water soluble vitamins whith the exception of:

A

B12

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25
Q

Which B Group vitamin is known as Thiamine?

A

B1

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26
Q

Thiamine is involved in the decarboxylation of which molecule?

A

Pyruvate

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27
Q

Enzymic conversion of Pyruvate ⇔ Acetyl CoA is assisted by which vitamin?

A

Thiamine

B1

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28
Q

deficiency of Vitamin B1 causes wich disease?

A

Beriberi

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29
Q

Vitamin B2 is also known as:

A

Riboflavin

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30
Q

Riboflavin, Vitamin B2 is important in the synhthesis of which electron transporting molecule?

A

FAD+

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31
Q

Maize, when untreated, results in a protein low in which molecule?

Associated with Niacin

A

Tryptophan

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32
Q

Deficiency of vitamin B3 results in which condition?

A

Pellagra

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33
Q

Vitamin B3 is also known as:

A

Niacin

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34
Q

Formation of NADH requires what vitamin?

A

Niacin

B3

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35
Q

Vitamin B5 is also known as:

A

Pantothenic Acid

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36
Q

Acetyl CoA contains a B-group vitamin by what name?

A

Pantothenic Acid

B5

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37
Q

Amino acid metabolism relies on good levels of which vitamin?

A

Pyridoxine

B6

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38
Q

Vitamin B6 is also known as:

A

Pyridoxine

39
Q

Which B-Vitamin is synthesised solely by bacteria?

A

Cobalamin

B12

40
Q

Pernicious Anaemia is a result of deficiency of which vitamin?

A

B12

Cobalamin

41
Q

Secretion of intrinsic factor by the parietal cells of the stomach is important for the function of which vitamin?

A

Cobalamin

B12

42
Q

Deficiency of vitamin B12 results in inhibited production of which critical amino acid?

A

Methionine

43
Q

Vitamin B7 is known as:

A

Biotin

44
Q

What are the metabolic functions of vitamin B7 (Biotin)?

A

Gluconeogenesis

Lipogenesis

Catabolism of BCAA

45
Q

Vitamin B9 is also known as:

A

Folic Acid

46
Q

What is the function of vitamin B<strong>9</strong> (Folic Acid)?

A

DNA synthesis

47
Q

Deficiency of vitamins K and C cause easy bruising and bleeding, however which one has associated connective tissue problems?

A

Vitamin C

48
Q

Vitamins C and K both affect bleeding, however deficiency of which vitamin will increase clotting time?

A

Vitamin K

49
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Biological Catalysts made from Proteins

50
Q

Can an enzyme force a reaction that is not spontaneous?

A

no

51
Q

What is the effect of an Enzyme on Activation energy?

A

Decrease

52
Q

Thermodynamically spontaneous reactions are Endergonic or Exergonic?

A

Exergonic

53
Q

In an Endergonic reaction, the change in Gibbs Free Energy ΔG, is less than, or greater than zero?

A

Greater than zero

Positive

54
Q

In an Exergonic reaction, the change in Gibbs Free Energy ΔG, is less than, or greater than zero?

A

Less than zero

Negative

55
Q

What effect do enzymes have on the change in Gibbs Free Energy, ΔG, when a reaction is completed?

A

No effect

56
Q

What is the function of Oxidoreductase enzymes?

A

Transfer of electrons from donors to acceptors

57
Q

What class of enzymes is responsible for the transfer of electrons from donors to acceptor molecules?

A

Oxidoreductases

58
Q

What is the function of transferase enzymes?

A

Transfer of functional groups between molecules

59
Q

What enzyme class is involved with the transfer of functional groups between molecules?

A

Transferases

60
Q

What is the function of Hydrolase class enzymes?

A

Cleavage of bonds by addition of water

61
Q

Which enzyme class is involved with the cleavage of bonds using water?

A

Hydrolases

62
Q

What is the function of Lyase class enzymes?

A

Addition of H2O, CO2 and NH3 to double bonds

(Or removing them to create double bonds)

63
Q

Which enzyme class is responsible for either the addition of water, ammonia or carbon dioxide to double bonds, or the removal of the same in order to create double bonds?

A

Lyases

64
Q

What is the function of Isomerase class enzymes?

A

conversion of a molecule to isomeric forms

Creation of isomers

65
Q

What class of enzymes is responsible for the creation of various isomeric forms of the same molecule?

A

Isomerase

66
Q

What is the function of Ligase class enzymes?

(also known as Synthetases)

A

Forming new covalent bonds using ATP

67
Q

Which class of enzyme uses ATP to form new covalent bonds?

A

Ligase

68
Q

Ligase class enzymes are sometimes known as:

A

Synthetases

69
Q

Which metal is required in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex?

A

Mg

70
Q

A number of inorganic metal ions are used in biochemical reactions, are they Cofactors, or Coenzymes?

A

Cofactors

71
Q

Which equation describes the relationship between the velocity of a reaction, and the concentrations of both the substrate and enzyme?

A

Michaelis-Menten Equation

72
Q

Which constant defines the number of substrate molecules which convert to product per enzyme molucule, per unit time?

A

Kcat

73
Q

What does the Michaelis-Menten equation assume about the conversion of the enzyme-substrate complex ⇒ product + Enzyme?

A

This is a rate limiting step

74
Q

In terms of enzymatic activity, what does Vmax signify?

A

When all enzymes are saturated with substrate

The reaction reaches a maximum velocity

75
Q

What is the property that describes how easily and readily an enzyme will bind to a substrate?

A

Affinity

76
Q

Enzymes with a low Km will have a higher or lower affinity for a substrate?

A

Higher

77
Q

Enzymes with a high Km will have a higher or lower affinity for a substrate?

A

Lower Affinity

78
Q

How is the Km affected by enzymes with a low affinity?

A

Km is high

79
Q

How is the Km affected by enzymes with a high affinity?

A

K<strong>m</strong> is low

80
Q

What aspect of chemical concentrations is relevant when considering the Km with respect to Vmax for an enzyme?

A

whether Vmax occurs in biologically relevant conditions

81
Q

In an enzymatic reaction, biologically relevant conditions are evaluated relative to the relationship of which two factors?

A

Km and Vmax

82
Q

In Enzymatic Reactions, what is the fixed relationship between Vmax and Km?

A

Km corresponds to half of Vmax

83
Q

Glucokinase is much more sensetive to glucose concentration than hexokinase, which enzyme has the higher Km?

A

Glucokinase

84
Q

A rapid acting scavenger enzyme with a rate relatively insensetive to substrate concentration will have a high or low Km relative to its regulatory counterpart?

A

Low Km

85
Q

What are the three forms of enzyme inhibition?

A

Competetive

Non-Competetive

Un-Competetive

86
Q

In addition to substrate concentration, which two physical properties can affect enzyme performance, with respect to V?

A

Temperature

pH

87
Q

An enzyme will respond with an increase or decrease in activity to varying degrees dependant on the effector molecule - what is this called?

A

Allosterism

88
Q

Ethanol is given in the treatment of acute methanol poisoning, because of the relatiohsip between the liver enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase and the two chemicals - why?

A

Ethanol has a lower Km than Methanol

Competes for the enzymes to avoid the poisonous byproduct, Formic Acid

89
Q

Describe the effects on Km and Vmax in competetive enzyme inhibition:

A

Km - Increased

Vmax - Unchanged

90
Q

Describe the effects on Km and Vmax in uncompetetive enzyme inhibition:

A

Km - Reduced

Vmax - Reduced

91
Q

Describe the effects on Km and Vmax in Noncompetetive inhibition:

A

Km - Unchanged

Vmax - Reduced

92
Q

What is the purpose of the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Linking Glycolysis to the TCA cycle

93
Q

Which set of enzymatic reactions links Glycolysis to the TCA cycle?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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