1 The Sweet stuff - World of Glucose

Question 1

Which is the only hormone which inhibits glycogenolysis?

Answer 1

Insulin

Question 2

Which product (or stage) of the TCA cycle is important for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 2

Oxaloacetate

Question 3

By what mechanism are the sugars used in DNA construction extracted from the glycolysis process?

Answer 3

The pentose phosphate pathway

Question 4

Which site of insulin resistance constitutes the most common type of insulin resistance?

Answer 4

Post receptor

Question 5

What is the term used to describe using sugars for puroposes other than energy production in the body?

Answer 5

Glycosylation

Question 6

What is the function of GLUT-4?

Answer 6

Transportation of glucose through the cell membrane

Question 7

Plasma glucose concentration is regulated by a balance of what type of biomolecules?

Answer 7

Hormones

Question 8

Damage from reactive oxygen species is prevented by what molecule?

Answer 8

Glutathione

Question 9

Which hormone directs the formation of glycogen?

Answer 9

Insulin

Question 10

What happens to glucose if a patient shows high HbA_1c levels?

Answer 10

Glucose is absorbed by erythrocytes

Question 11

What are the two sites of storage of glycogen in the body?

Answer 11

The liver

Muscle tissue

Question 12

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for all forms of diabetes with the exception of gestational diabetes?

Answer 12

HbA_1c

Question 13

Define diabetes:

Answer 13

A dysfunction of glucose level regulation

Question 14

What is the name of the process by which lactate can be recycled back to glucose?

Answer 14

The Cori Cycle

Question 15

What are the two essential items required for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 15

Source of energy

Source of carbon

Question 16

Glucose-1-Phosphate can be activated to form glycogen by what molecule?

Answer 16

UTP

Question 17

In addition to glucagon, which other hormone can instruct glycogenolysis within a cell?

Answer 17

Epinephrine

(adrenalin)

Question 18

Which enzyme is activated when glucagon binds to the membrane receptor?

Answer 18

Protein kinase A

Question 19

Which of these oligosaccharides has an ordered and linear structure?

Glycoproteins

Proteoglycans

Answer 19

Proteoglycans

Question 20

The pentose phosphate pathway allows the production of sugars used for what purpose?

Answer 20

DNA / RNA production

Question 21

Why are fatty acids with an odd number of carbons essential to progress in the TCA cycle?

Answer 21

TCA cycle releases 2 carbons as CO₂

Question 22

Oxaloacetate production requires fatty acids with odd or even numbers of carbon molecules?

Answer 22

odd

Question 23

What is the purpose of NADH and NAD⁺ in the body?

Answer 23

Transportation of electrons

Question 24

What is the purpose of fermentation in cells?

Answer 24

Regeneration of the NAD⁺ Pool

(Emptying the electron bus)

Question 25

What are the **three phases** of **glycolysis**?

Answer 25

Investment Splitting Yield

Question 26

What is the chemical byproduct formed as a result of a lack of glucose-6-phosphatase in muscle tissue?

Answer 26

Lactate

Question 27

Which enzyme is required in order for the liver to be able to release free sugar to the blood?

Answer 27

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 28

What are the **two hormones** critical in regulation of **glucose homeostasis**?

Answer 28

Insulin Glucagon

Question 29

What type of molecule can satisfy **both** a **source of energy** and a **source of carbon** for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 29

Triglycerides

Question 30

Conversion of **1 molecule of glucose** *to* **2 molecules of lactate** is known as:

Answer 30

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Question 31

The decision to **store or use** a glucose molecule is made **between which two forms** of glucose?

Answer 31

Glucose-1-Phosphate and Glucose-6-Phosphate

Question 32

Yeast cells produce **ethanol** in order to remove electrons from the **NADH** pool, what is the human equivalent?

Answer 32

Lactic Acid

Question 33

What is the intermediate sugar between **glucose** and the **fermentation product** during fermentation?

Answer 33

Pyruvate

Question 34

From what three sources will carbon be derived for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 34

Lactate Amino Acids Glycerol

Question 35

Which is the only sugar that may enter the blood?

Answer 35

Glucose

Question 36

Which **type** of diabetes is associated with **autoimmune destruction** of **ß-cells**?

Answer 36

Type 1

Question 37

What is the function of the **Cori Cycle**?

Answer 37

Recycling of lactate to glucose

Question 38

What is the **purpose** of the **branched sugar structure** of glycogen?

Answer 38

Allows for more storage per unit area

Question 39

Maintenance of the **balance of redox reactions** during glycolysis is achieved by what biomolecule?

Answer 39

Glutathione

Question 40

What are the **five states** which regulate the **behaviour** of **glucose metabolism** within various tissues?

Answer 40

Post Prandial Sleeping Fasting Diabetes Stress

Question 41

Some molecules act as a a **scaffold** or **workspace** for chemial reacitons to occur- what are they called?

Answer 41

Enzymes

Question 42

Glucose-6-phosphatase is absent in which of the two types of glycogen storage tissues?

Answer 42

Muscle

Question 43

Which **type** of diabetes is associated with **acquired impairment** of **ß-cells**?

Answer 43

Type 2

Question 44

**Glutathione** is an important antioxidant uesd by cells to **protect themselves** form what?

Answer 44

Damage by reactive oxygen species

Question 45

An important biomolecule is considered the *shuttle for electrons* - what is it?

Answer 45

NADH

Question 46

What is the **first step** of **glucose metabolism**?

Answer 46

Glycolysis

Question 47

In order for glucose to become Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate, what molecule is required in addition to enzymes?

Answer 47

ATP

Question 48

In which **type** of diabetes is insulin synthesis **preserved**?

Answer 48

Type 2

Question 49

Once insulin binds to its receptor, what is the effect on blood plasma glucose concentration when the GLUT-4 units begin to work?

Answer 49

Decrease in blood glucose

Question 50

What is the **conjugate base** of lactic acid?

Answer 50

Lactate

Question 51

Which amino acid is stored in the muscles to be used by the liver as a TCA cycle component?

Answer 51

Alanine

Question 52

Which **biological marker** is tested for when suspecting **uptake of glucose** by **erythrocytes**?

Answer 52

HbA_1c

Question 53

from where is the energy required for gluconeogenesis derived?

Answer 53

Oxidation of fatty acids

Question 54

Which hormone instructs the break down of glycogen?

Answer 54

Glucagon

Question 55

Which component of the **TCA cycle** is imortant in allowing **reversal** of **phosphorylated sugars**?

Answer 55

Oxaloacetate

Question 56

**Redox reactions** are facilitated by **what molecule** during glycolysis?

Answer 56

NADH

Question 57

What are the **three sites** of insulin resistance?

Answer 57

Pre-receptor Receptor Post-receptor

Question 58

When GLUT-4 is activated by insulin, what process is then shut off?

Answer 58

Insulin receptors are shut off

Question 59

Phosphorylation of the 1-4 bond has what effect on glycogen?

Answer 59

Glycogen is degraded

Question 60

What are the targets of glucose in the body?

Answer 60

Erythrocytes The brain

Question 61

Which biomolecules control glucose metabolism by pohosphorylation?

Answer 61

Insulin Glucose

Question 62

Broadly speaking, glucagon directs two processes whithin a cell when it binds to a membrane receptor- what are they?

Answer 62

Inhibition of glycogen production Phosphorylation of glycogen

Question 63

Which two hormones produced in the adrenal gland can activate glycogenolysis?

Answer 63

Epinephrine Cortisol

Question 64

What type of chemical reaction is required in order to create glycogen?

Answer 64

Phosphorylation