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Biochemistry > 1 The Sweet stuff - World of Glucose > Flashcards

1 The Sweet stuff - World of Glucose Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the only hormone which inhibits glycogenolysis?

A

Insulin

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2
Q

Which product (or stage) of the TCA cycle is important for gluconeogenesis?

A

Oxaloacetate

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3
Q

By what mechanism are the sugars used in DNA construction extracted from the glycolysis process?

A

The pentose phosphate pathway

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4
Q

Which site of insulin resistance constitutes the most common type of insulin resistance?

A

Post receptor

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5
Q

What is the term used to describe using sugars for puroposes other than energy production in the body?

A

Glycosylation

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6
Q

What is the function of GLUT-4?

A

Transportation of glucose through the cell membrane

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7
Q

Plasma glucose concentration is regulated by a balance of what type of biomolecules?

A

Hormones

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8
Q

Damage from reactive oxygen species is prevented by what molecule?

A

Glutathione

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9
Q

Which hormone directs the formation of glycogen?

A

Insulin

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10
Q

What happens to glucose if a patient shows high HbA1c levels?

A

Glucose is absorbed by erythrocytes

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11
Q

What are the two sites of storage of glycogen in the body?

A

The liver

Muscle tissue

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12
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for all forms of diabetes with the exception of gestational diabetes?

A

HbA1c

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13
Q

Define diabetes:

A

A dysfunction of glucose level regulation

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14
Q

What is the name of the process by which lactate can be recycled back to glucose?

A

The Cori Cycle

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15
Q

What are the two essential items required for gluconeogenesis?

A

Source of energy

Source of carbon

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16
Q

Glucose-1-Phosphate can be activated to form glycogen by what molecule?

A

UTP

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17
Q

In addition to glucagon, which other hormone can instruct glycogenolysis within a cell?

A

Epinephrine

(adrenalin)

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18
Q

Which enzyme is activated when glucagon binds to the membrane receptor?

A

Protein kinase A

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19
Q

Which of these oligosaccharides has an ordered and linear structure?

Glycoproteins

Proteoglycans

A

Proteoglycans

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20
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway allows the production of sugars used for what purpose?

A

DNA / RNA production

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21
Q

Why are fatty acids with an odd number of carbons essential to progress in the TCA cycle?

A

TCA cycle releases 2 carbons as CO2

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22
Q

Oxaloacetate production requires fatty acids with odd or even numbers of carbon molecules?

A

odd

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23
Q

What is the purpose of NADH and NAD+ in the body?

A

Transportation of electrons

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24
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation in cells?

A

Regeneration of the NAD+ Pool

(Emptying the electron bus)

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25
Q

What are the three phases of glycolysis?

A

Investment

Splitting

Yield

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26
Q

What is the chemical byproduct formed as a result of a lack of glucose-6-phosphatase in muscle tissue?

A

Lactate

27
Q

Which enzyme is required in order for the liver to be able to release free sugar to the blood?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

28
Q

What are the two hormones critical in regulation of glucose homeostasis?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

29
Q

What type of molecule can satisfy both a source of energy and a source of carbon for gluconeogenesis?

A

Triglycerides

30
Q

Conversion of 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of lactate is known as:

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis

31
Q

The decision to store or use a glucose molecule is made between which two forms of glucose?

A

Glucose-1-Phosphate

and

Glucose-6-Phosphate

32
Q

Yeast cells produce ethanol in order to remove electrons from the NADH pool, what is the human equivalent?

A

Lactic Acid

33
Q

What is the intermediate sugar between glucose and the fermentation product during fermentation?

A

Pyruvate

34
Q

From what three sources will carbon be derived for gluconeogenesis?

A

Lactate

Amino Acids

Glycerol

35
Q

Which is the only sugar that may enter the blood?

A

Glucose

36
Q

Which type of diabetes is associated with autoimmune destruction of ß-cells?

A

Type 1

37
Q

What is the function of the Cori Cycle?

A

Recycling of lactate to glucose

38
Q

What is the purpose of the branched sugar structure of glycogen?

A

Allows for more storage per unit area

39
Q

Maintenance of the balance of redox reactions during glycolysis is achieved by what biomolecule?

A

Glutathione

40
Q

What are the five states which regulate the behaviour of glucose metabolism within various tissues?

A

Post Prandial

Sleeping

Fasting

Diabetes

Stress

41
Q

Some molecules act as a a scaffold or workspace for chemial reacitons to occur- what are they called?

A

Enzymes

42
Q

Glucose-6-phosphatase is absent in which of the two types of glycogen storage tissues?

A

Muscle

43
Q

Which type of diabetes is associated with acquired impairment of ß-cells?

A

Type 2

44
Q

Glutathione is an important antioxidant uesd by cells to protect themselves form what?

A

Damage by reactive oxygen species

45
Q

An important biomolecule is considered the shuttle for electrons - what is it?

A

NADH

46
Q

What is the first step of glucose metabolism?

A

Glycolysis

47
Q

In order for glucose to become Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate, what molecule is required in addition to enzymes?

A

ATP

48
Q

In which type of diabetes is insulin synthesis preserved?

A

Type 2

49
Q

Once insulin binds to its receptor, what is the effect on blood plasma glucose concentration when the GLUT-4 units begin to work?

A

Decrease in blood glucose

50
Q

What is the conjugate base of lactic acid?

A

Lactate

51
Q

Which amino acid is stored in the muscles to be used by the liver as a TCA cycle component?

A

Alanine

52
Q

Which biological marker is tested for when suspecting uptake of glucose by erythrocytes?

A

HbA1c

53
Q

from where is the energy required for gluconeogenesis derived?

A

Oxidation of fatty acids

54
Q

Which hormone instructs the break down of glycogen?

A

Glucagon

55
Q

Which component of the TCA cycle is imortant in allowing reversal of phosphorylated sugars?

A

Oxaloacetate

56
Q

Redox reactions are facilitated by what molecule during glycolysis?

A

NADH

57
Q

What are the three sites of insulin resistance?

A

Pre-receptor

Receptor

Post-receptor

58
Q

When GLUT-4 is activated by insulin, what process is then shut off?

A

Insulin receptors are shut off

59
Q

Phosphorylation of the 1-4 bond has what effect on glycogen?

A

Glycogen is degraded

60
Q

What are the targets of glucose in the body?

A

Erythrocytes

The brain

61
Q

Which biomolecules control glucose metabolism by pohosphorylation?

A

Insulin

Glucose

62
Q

Broadly speaking, glucagon directs two processes whithin a cell when it binds to a membrane receptor- what are they?

A

Inhibition of glycogen production

Phosphorylation of glycogen

63
Q

Which two hormones produced in the adrenal gland can activate glycogenolysis?

A

Epinephrine

Cortisol

64
Q

What type of chemical reaction is required in order to create glycogen?

A

Phosphorylation

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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