פרק 36 Chapter 36 Inherited Metabolic Diseases of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Table 36-1
METABOLIC DISORDERS DETECTED BY NEONATAL
SCREENING IN NEW ENGLAND

A
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2
Q

Table 36-2_URINARY SCREENING TESTS FOR METABOLIC DEFECTS USE

A
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3
Q

Table 36-3_LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES (5)

Sphingolypidosis (12)

Neuronal carotid lipofuscinoses (4)

Glycoproteinases (5)

Mucolipidosis (4)

Other lysosomal diseases (5)

A
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4
Q

Table 36-4
DISEASES DISPLAYING A CHERRY-RED MACULAR SPOT (7)

A
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5
Q

schematic for diagnosis of the inherited metabolic diseases of infancy

A
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6
Q

Table 36-5
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF POLIODYSTROPHIES OF INFANCY

A
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7
Q

Table 36-6
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF LEUKODYSTROPHIES OF INFANCY

A
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8
Q

Table 36-7
CLASSIFICATION OF THE MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES

A
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9
Q

Differential diagnosis
of mucopolysaccharidoses
from oligosaccharidoses.

A
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10
Q

Table 36-8
MAJOR SYNDROMES OF ADULT-ONSET INHERITED
METABOLIC DISEASES

A
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11
Q

Table 36-9
THE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS

A
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12
Q

באיזו מחלה חסר אנזים גלקטוצרברוזידאז?
1. MLD
2. KRABBE
3. SSPE
4. GBS

A

KRABBE

החסר באנזים גורם להצטברות גלקטוצרברוזיד

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגותי
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
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13
Q

MLDמהיהיהגילהתייצגותמאוחריותר?
1. מוטציהבשניO
2. מוטציהבשניR
3. מוטציהאחתבOואחתבR
4. מוטציהOואללנוסףתקין

A
  1. מוטציה אחת על O ואלל אחד תקין
    כי מדובר במחלה אוטוזומלית רצסיבית

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים- עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגותי
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת- דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה

Ariel likes detroying colours by cutting them ,he dosent like to talk about it ,it makes him unsteady and feel stupid so he trembles with rage , he cant see whats wrong with I

Ariel=arylsulfatase Destroying colours - metachromatic leukodystrophy Cutting - diagnosis by biopsy Dosent like to talk - decreased fluency , dysarthria Unstaedy- ataxia Stupid- cogitive regression Trembles - intention tremor Cant see - optic atrophy

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14
Q

מטופל התקבל בתמונה של כוראה- אתטוזיס, בבדיקתו ספסטיות ב 4 גפיים, ירידה קוגניטיבית , נמצאו נגעים טופים על גבי האוזניים, יש פגיעה עצמית בשפתיים. איזה אנזים קשור במחלה?
א. xanthine oxidase
ב. hypoxanthine guanine phosphorobosyl transferase
ג. alpha neuroaminidase
ד. ATPase

A

Lesch Nyhan syndrome- Hypoxanthine guanine phophoribosyl transferase (HPRT)

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגותי
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה

Professor les impulsive and aggressive behavior hurts himself ,he tries to keep his moth shut by biting on his lips but al that makes him do is spasm and tremble out of control ,he gets it from his mother who didn’t listen because her hrpt want

: Les- lesch nyhan Impulsive and agressiveMouth shut - self injuries to lips Spasm tremble- spastic choreoathesis Mother- xlr Hrpt - hyposanthine guanine phosph……

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15
Q

מטופל עם דמנציה ושינויים באישיות, מפתח מיוקלוניות, סימנים פירמידלים וכן אקסטראפירמידלים. לקרוב משפחה שלו היו שינויים ברשתית של העין.
במה מדובר?

A

מחלת KUFS

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגותי
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
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16
Q

חולה מתבגר (חשוב לפי הספר - ביטוי שונה לפי גיל) - הפרעה קוגניטיבית, הגדלת אברים, אטקסיה, חולשת גפיים עם אטרופיה ופסיקולציות, בבדיקת עיניים יש cherry red spot.
1. מחלת GM2 הקסואמינידאז
2. סיליאזידוסים
3. מחלת GM1 גנגליזידוסיז.

A

GM2 הקסואמינידז

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17
Q

תיאור של מטופל בוגר עם אטאקסיה ועוד ועוד והפרעה בתנועות עיניים הוריזונטליות
1. גושה
2. נימן פיק
3. טיזקס

A

גושה
(שיתוק מבט הוריזונטלי)

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18
Q

כל הממצאים הנוירולוגים הבאים שכיחים ב
late onset Gaucher Disease
פרט ל:
1. פרכוסים
2. הפרעה סופרנוקלארית בתנועות עיניים
3. הגדלה של הטחול
4. אטקסיה צרבלרית
5. דמנציה

A

דמנציה אינה אופיינית למחלת גושה

so-called Gaucher disease type III, may begin in childhood, between 3 and 8 years of age. The clinical picture is variable and *combines features of infantile Gaucher disease—such as abducens palsies, dysphagia, trismus, rigidity of the limbs, and dementia—with features of the late childhood–early adult form, such as palsies of horizontal gaze, diffuse myoclonus, generalized seizures, and a chronic course. The diagnosis is established by the finding of splenomegaly, Gaucher cells, glucocerebroside storage, and deficient activity of glucocerebrosidase in leukocytes or cultured fibroblasts.

type of Gaucher disease is occasionally encountered in which seizures, severe diffuse myoclonus, supranuclear gaze disorders (slow saccades, saccadic and pursuit horizontal gaze palsies), and cerebellar ataxia begin in late childhood, adolescence, or adult life. The course is slowly progressive. The intellect is relatively spared. The spleen is enlarged. The pathologic and biochemical abnormalities are the same as those of Gaucher disease of earlier onset

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגות
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
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19
Q

בן 12 סובל מקושי בהליכה מזה מספר חודשים. מגיל 9 סובל מאירועים חוזרים של הקאות, מזה שנתיים קיימת הדרדרות משמעותית בלימודים עם שינויי התנהגות, כגון בכי וצחוק לא תואמים. לאחרונה אירועים של עלפון עם ירידה משמעותית של לחץ דם. נוירולוגית: Intentional tremor, והליכה אטקטית. כללית: היפרפיגמנטציה ברירית הפה, בעור וסביב הפטמות, המרפקיים והברכיים. לנבדק אחות מבוגרת יותר סובלת מחולשת ספסטית ברגליים בלבד.

  1. Metachromatic leucodystrophy
  2. Adrenoleucodystrophy
  3. Sudanopilic leucodystrophy
  4. Globoid cell leucodystrophy
  5. Trichopolic leucodystrophy
A

Adrenoleukodystrophy

This disorder traditionally combines a cerebral leukodystrophy and Addison disease, transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait
The fundamental defect is impairment in peroxisomal oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), leading to their accumulation in the brain and adrenal glands. The deficient membrane protein, encoded by a gene that maps to chromosome X28, is a peroxisomal membrane transporter (ABCD1). The gene is located close to the gene for color vision. In the typical X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), there is an inability to metabolize VLCFAs,

The *onset is usually between 4 and 8 years, sometimes later; in the most common form of this disorder, only males are affected with the entire syndrome (women carriers may display a special myelopathy discussed further on). The signs of either the adrenal insufficiency or the cerebral lesion may be the first to appear. bronzing of the skin of the hands appeared at 4 years of age; quadriparesis, with dysarthria and dysphagia (i.e., pseudobulbar palsy), became evident at 7 years; a single seizure occurred at 8 years; and by 9 years, shortly before death, the patient was decerebrate and unresponsive. episodic vomiting, decline in scholastic performance and change in personality with inappropriate giggling and crying. After a time, severe vomiting and an episode of circulatory collapse occurred, following which the gait became unsteady and arms ataxic with an intention tremor. Only then did the addisonian increase of pigmentation of the oral mucosa and the skin around nipples and over elbows, knees, and scrotum become evident. Cortical blindness follows in some instances. The late stages are marked by bilateral hemiplegia (at first asymmetrical), pseudobulbar paralysis, blindness, deafness, and impairment of all higher cerebral functions.

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגות
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
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20
Q

תיאור של בחור צעיר עם ספסטיות קשה, פיגור, עירון קורטיקלי, נתרן נמוך ואשלגן גבוהים בדם.
1. טיפול אנזימטי חליפי
2. השתלת מח עצם
3. דיאטה דלת חלבון

A

השתלת מח עצם- הטיפול היחיד שהוכח כי עוצר ואף משפר חלקית את המחלה
Adrenoleukodystrophy

This disorder traditionally combines a cerebral leukodystrophy and Addison disease, transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait
The fundamental defect is impairment in peroxisomal oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), leading to their accumulation in the brain and adrenal glands. The deficient membrane protein, encoded by a gene that maps to chromosome X28, is a peroxisomal membrane transporter (ABCD1). The gene is located close to the gene for color vision. In the typical X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), there is an inability to metabolize VLCFAs,

The *onset is usually between 4 and 8 years, sometimes later; in the most common form of this disorder, only males are affected with the entire syndrome (women carriers may display a special myelopathy discussed further on). The signs of either the adrenal insufficiency or the cerebral lesion may be the first to appear. bronzing of the skin of the hands appeared at 4 years of age; quadriparesis, with dysarthria and dysphagia (i.e., pseudobulbar palsy), became evident at 7 years; a single seizure occurred at 8 years; and by 9 years, shortly before death, the patient was decerebrate and unresponsive. episodic vomiting, decline in scholastic performance and change in personality with inappropriate giggling and crying. After a time, severe vomiting and an episode of circulatory collapse occurred, following which the gait became unsteady and arms ataxic with an intention tremor. Only then did the addisonian increase of pigmentation of the oral mucosa and the skin around nipples and over elbows, knees, and scrotum become evident. Cortical blindness follows in some instances. The late stages are marked by bilateral hemiplegia (at first asymmetrical), pseudobulbar paralysis, blindness, deafness, and impairment of all higher cerebral functions.

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגות
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
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21
Q

בת 38 , מזה מספר שנים סובלת מקשי הליכה ושליטה על השתן. בבדיקה קיימת פראפרזיס פירמידלית,
הליכה ספסטית. שיער הראש דליל.
אחיה נפטר בגיל ההתבגרות כאשר הוא היה מרותק למיטה, דמנטי, חירש ועיוור. מה צפוי למצוא
בבדיקת דם של המטופלת?
א. Low level of low density lipoprotein
ב. Lactic acidosis
ג. High level of cholestanol
ד. very long chain fatty acids High levels of

A

high levels of very long chain fatty acids

Adrenoleukodystrophy

This disorder traditionally combines a cerebral leukodystrophy and Addison disease, transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait
The fundamental defect is impairment in peroxisomal oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), leading to their accumulation in the brain and adrenal glands. The deficient membrane protein, encoded by a gene that maps to chromosome X28, is a peroxisomal membrane transporter (ABCD1). The gene is located close to the gene for color vision. In the typical X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), there is an inability to metabolize VLCFAs,

The *onset is usually between 4 and 8 years, sometimes later; in the most common form of this disorder, only males are affected with the entire syndrome (women carriers may display a special myelopathy discussed further on). The signs of either the adrenal insufficiency or the cerebral lesion may be the first to appear. bronzing of the skin of the hands appeared at 4 years of age; quadriparesis, with dysarthria and dysphagia (i.e., pseudobulbar palsy), became evident at 7 years; a single seizure occurred at 8 years; and by 9 years, shortly before death, the patient was decerebrate and unresponsive. episodic vomiting, decline in scholastic performance and change in personality with inappropriate giggling and crying. After a time, severe vomiting and an episode of circulatory collapse occurred, following which the gait became unsteady and arms ataxic with an intention tremor. Only then did the addisonian increase of pigmentation of the oral mucosa and the skin around nipples and over elbows, knees, and scrotum become evident. Cortical blindness follows in some instances. The late stages are marked by bilateral hemiplegia (at first asymmetrical), pseudobulbar paralysis, blindness, deafness, and impairment of all higher cerebral functions.

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגות
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
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22
Q

אישה בת 40 פנתה לברור בשל חוסר יכולת לעשות פעילות גופנית שגבר לאחרונה.
בבדיקה- נמוכת קומה ותת משקל, שמיעה ירודה, חולשת שרירים קלה, ארפלקסיה. בביופסיית שריר נמצא הממצא הבא. מה האבחנה הסבירה?
1. vasculitis
2. synthetase syndrome/ overlap myositis
3. MELAS
4. CIDP
5. anorexia nervosa

A

MELAS
* Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy; Lactic Acidosis; Stroke like episodes.
* mtDNA point mutatuins
* mitochondrial proliferation
* multi system disease.
* axonal neuropathy (areflexia)
* biopsy= ragged red fibers
—–

MELASMitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes

normal early development followed by poor growth, focal or generalized seizures, and recurrent acute episodes that resemble strokes or prolonged transient ischemic attacks.
The stroke deficits often improve but in some cases lead to a progressive encephalopathy.
Some have hemicranial headaches that cannot be distinguished from migraine, and others suffer repetitive vomiting or episodic lactic acidosis.
If there is a characteristic feature it is the unusual clinical pattern of focal seizures, sometimes prolonged, which herald a stroke and produce an unusual radiographic pattern of infarction involving the cortex and immediate subcortical white matter. The CT may also show numerous low-density regions that have no clinical correlates.
Most patients have ragged red fibers in muscle but only rarely is there weakness or exercise intolerance.
Approximately 80 percent of MELAS cases are related to a mitochondrial mutation occurring at the 3243 site of the mitochondrial gene or, in a few instances, at an alternative locus that also codes for a segment of transfer RNA.
Maternal inheritance is common but sporadic cases are well known.
only half of the cases of the 3243 mutation associated with the MELAS syndrome.
The finding of an abnormal mitochondrial genome in the endothelium and smooth muscle of cerebral vessels has been suggested as a basis for the strokes and migraine headaches.

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23
Q

בת 23 עם התפתחות תקינה מלבד גובה נמוכה. בשנים אחרונות כאבי ראש המיקרניאלים פולסטיליים בחלקם מלווה בטשטוש ראיה. מזה שלושה ימים לאחר שחלתה בדלקת ריאות, הופיעו כאבי ראש המיקרניאלים ימנים קשים, מלווים בהקאות, בהמשך טשטוש ראיה, מצב בילבולים ופרכוסים.
בMRI
מוח הודגמו מוקדים היפראינטסיים בT2
באיזורים אחורים של המוח, כולל קורטקס וחומר הלבן תת קורטיקלי אשר לא מכבדים גבולות ווסקולארים. מה היא אבחנה סבירה:

  1. Fabry
  2. CADASIL
  3. PRES
  4. Moyamoya
  5. MELAS
A

MELAS
* Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy; Lactic Acidosis; Stroke like episodes.
* mtDNA point mutatuins
* mitochondrial proliferation
* multi system disease.
* axonal neuropathy (areflexia)
* biopsy= ragged red fibers
—–

MELASMitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes

normal early development followed by poor growth, focal or generalized seizures, and recurrent acute episodes that resemble strokes or prolonged transient ischemic attacks.
The stroke deficits often improve but in some cases lead to a progressive encephalopathy.
Some have hemicranial headaches that cannot be distinguished from migraine, and others suffer repetitive vomiting or episodic lactic acidosis.
If there is a characteristic feature it is the unusual clinical pattern of focal seizures, sometimes prolonged, which herald a stroke and produce an unusual radiographic pattern of infarction involving the cortex and immediate subcortical white matter. The CT may also show numerous low-density regions that have no clinical correlates.
Most patients have ragged red fibers in muscle but only rarely is there weakness or exercise intolerance.
Approximately 80 percent of MELAS cases are related to a mitochondrial mutation occurring at the 3243 site of the mitochondrial gene or, in a few instances, at an alternative locus that also codes for a segment of transfer RNA.
Maternal inheritance is common but sporadic cases are well known.
only half of the cases of the 3243 mutation associated with the MELAS syndrome.
The finding of an abnormal mitochondrial genome in the endothelium and smooth muscle of cerebral vessels has been suggested as a basis for the strokes and migraine headaches.

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24
Q

תיאור של מטופלת צעירה עם סכרת ומיגרנה, מתקבלת עם אירוע הפרעה בשדה ראיה ללא כאב ראש, בהדמיה נראה נגע אוקסיפיטלי שמאלי. לאחר 3 שבועות הופעה של חולשה בפלג גוף שמאל והפרעת הראיה חלפה. ב
FLAIR נגע פרונטלי ימני והנגע האוקסיפיטלי נעלם.
אמא של המטופלת סובלת מירידה קוגניטיבית מגיל צעיר. מה האבחנה הסבירה?
1. קאדאסיל
2. מחלת MELAS
3. פברי

A

MELAS

MELAS
* Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy; Lactic Acidosis; Stroke like episodes.
* mtDNA point mutatuins
* mitochondrial proliferation
* multi system disease.
* axonal neuropathy (areflexia)
* biopsy= ragged red fibers
—–

MELASMitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes

normal early development followed by poor growth, focal or generalized seizures, and recurrent acute episodes that resemble strokes or prolonged transient ischemic attacks.
The stroke deficits often improve but in some cases lead to a progressive encephalopathy.
Some have hemicranial headaches that cannot be distinguished from migraine, and others suffer repetitive vomiting or episodic lactic acidosis.
If there is a characteristic feature it is the unusual clinical pattern of focal seizures, sometimes prolonged, which herald a stroke and produce an unusual radiographic pattern of infarction involving the cortex and immediate subcortical white matter. The CT may also show numerous low-density regions that have no clinical correlates.
Most patients have ragged red fibers in muscle but only rarely is there weakness or exercise intolerance.
Approximately 80 percent of MELAS cases are related to a mitochondrial mutation occurring at the 3243 site of the mitochondrial gene or, in a few instances, at an alternative locus that also codes for a segment of transfer RNA.
Maternal inheritance is common but sporadic cases are well known.
only half of the cases of the 3243 mutation associated with the MELAS syndrome.
The finding of an abnormal mitochondrial genome in the endothelium and smooth muscle of cerebral vessels has been suggested as a basis for the strokes and migraine headaches.

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25
Q

תיאורשלחולהעםווילסוןלמהאפשרלצפותלאחרהתחלתהטיפול?
1. שיפורבמשקעהחוםבעין
2. -העדרשיפורתפקודיכבד
3. ירידהבהפרשהשלנחושתבשתן
4. מיאסניהסרונגטיבית

A

שיפור במשקע החום בעין.

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגות
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
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26
Q
A

לא משתמשים בפוטסיום סולפאט כטיפול בווילסון.

As the disease progresses, the “classic syndrome” evolves: dysphagia and drooling, rigidity and slowness of movements of the limbs; flexed limb postures; fixity of facial muscles with mouth constantly agape, giving an appearance of grinning or a “vacuous smile”; dysarthria or virtual anarthria (bulbar extrapyramidal syndrome); and a tremor in repose that increases when the limbs are outstretched to a coarse, “wing-beating“ movement. Slowed saccadic eye movements and limitation of upgaze are also characteristic. A notable feature is the tendency for the motor disorders to be concentrated in the bulbar musculature and to spread caudally. Thus, the syndrome differs from classic parkinsonism. Usually elements of cerebellar ataxia and intention tremor of variable degree are added at some stage of the disease. Approximately 6 percent of patients develop seizures (Dening et al). Gradually the disability increases because of increasing rigidity and tremor. The patient becomes mute, immobile, extremely rigid, dystonic, and slowed mentally, the latter usually being a late and variable effect. With progression of the neurologic disease, the Kayser-Fleischer rings become more evident.

  • Treatment before the appearance of neurologic signs;, neurologic deterioration can be prevented to a large extent. Treatment consists of (1) reduction of dietary copper avoidance of copper-rich foods (liver, mushrooms, cocoa, chocolate, nuts, and shellfish (2) copper chelating agent d-penicillamine (1 to 3 g/d) by mouth, in divided doses. Pyridoxine 25 mg/d should be added in order to prevent anemia. The use of d-penicillamine is associated with a number of problems. Sensitivity reactions to the drug (rash, arthralgia, fever, leukopenia) develop in 20 percent of patients and require a temporary reduction of dosage or a course of prednisone to bring them under control. Reinstitution of drug therapy should then be undertaken, using low dosages (250 mg daily) and, later, small, widely spaced increases. If the patient is still sensitive to d-penicillamine or if severe reactions (lupus-like or nephrotic syndromes or myasthenia gravis) occur, the drug should be discontinued and another chelating agent, triethylene tetramine (trientine) or ammonium tetrathiomolybdate may be substituted. Zinc, which blocks the intestinal absorption of copper, is also a suitable treatment, but ineffective alone. It is given as zinc acetate, 100 to 150 mg daily in 3 to 4 divided doses at least 1 h before meals (Hoogenraad et al). The appropriate drug must then be continued for the patient’s

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגות
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
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27
Q

מה המשותף להפרעה בתנועות עיניים של ווילסון, הנטינגטון ואטקסיה טלנגיאקטזיה
1. העדר סקאדות
2. סקאדות היפומטריות
3. סקאדות איטיות
4. סקאדות היפרמטריות
5. קושי בהחזקת מבט לטראלי של העין שעושה אדוקציה

A

סקאדות איטיות נראה גם בווילסון, הנטינגטון ואטקסיה טלנגיאקטזיה

  • Wilsons: Slowed saccadic eye movements and limitation of upgaze are also characteristic. A notable feature is the tendency for the motor disorders to be concentrated in the bulbar musculature and to spread caudally.
  • Ataxia- Telangiectasa: The eye movements become jerky; with slow and long-latency saccades, and there is also apraxia for voluntary gaze (the patient turns the head but not the eyes on attempting to look to the side). This movement of the head and
    eyes in tandem is the most specific feature of the process. Optokinetic nystagmus is lost and reading becomes all but impossible.
  • ## Huntington’s disease: Particularly characteristic are impaired initiation and slowness of both pursuit and volitional saccadic movements and an inability to make a volitional saccade without movement of the head. Excessive distractibility may be noticed during attempted ocular fixation. The patient feels compelled to glance at extraneous stimuli even when specifically instructed to ignore them. Upward gaze is often impaired as the illness progresses.

Side comment:
Pursuit is impaired toward the side of a parietal lesion and away from a frontal lesion,

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28
Q
A

FABRY- alpha galactosidase

  • X linked – recessive
  • In males
  • Deficeincy of alpha-galactosidase
  • Accumulation of ceramide in endothelial, perithelial, SM of blood vessels and renal tubular and glomerular cells
  • Childhood – adolescence – intemrittent lancinating pain and dysethesia
  • Increased by fever, hot weather, exercise.
  • Htn, renal involvement, cardiomegaly, MI, thrombotic infarctions
  • Angiokeratomas
  • ## Enzyme replacement therapy

The disease becomes manifest clinically in childhood or adolescence, with intermittent lancinating pains and dysesthesias of the extremities. A notable feature of these pains is their evocation by fever, hot weather, and vigorous exercise. Usually there is no sensory loss, but autonomic disturbances have been recorded in a series of our cases. Many years later there is a diffuse vascular involvement that leads to hypertension, renal damage, cardiomegaly, and myocardial ischemia. Thrombotic infarctions occur in the brain during early adult years. Occasional cases are discovered in adulthood with confluent cerebral white matter changes on MRI and progressive problems such as dysarthria.
The characteristic angiokeratomas tend to be most prominent periumbilically and resemble small angiomas that obliterate slightly with pressure. Desnick and colleagues have reviewed the neurologic, neuropathologic, and biochemical findings in this disease, and Cable and colleagues have written informatively on the autonomic aspects.
Treatment Enzyme replacement

1 – Alpha Glucosidase – Pompe (Acid Maltase) - ?no mention of B glucosidase in Adams
glucocerebrosidase 2 – Gaucher
hexosaminidase A 3– Tay Sachs
4 – Fabry Alfa galactosidase

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגות
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
29
Q

תיאור של ילד עםמיוקלוניות, אפילפסיה , אטקסיה. נאמר בשאלה שמדובר בLafora body epilepsy. מה תמצא ?
א. גם לאמא ולסבתא יש אותה מחלה
ב. מצבוריגליקוגן
ג. occipital seizure

A

OCCIPITAL SEIZURES

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגות
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
30
Q

בת 16 , עם התפתחות תקינה עד כה. מזה חצי שנה סובלת ממיוקלונוס, הזיות ראיה ופרכוסים טוניים-
קלוניים, הפרעת התנהגות וקשיים לימודיים. בדיקות דם, נוזל שדרה, פונדוס ו- MRI מוח תקינים. מה
צפוי ביותר למצוא בבדיקה פתולוגית?
א. “fingerprint” pattern inclusions in skin biopsy
ב. PAS positive bodies composed of polyglucosan in skin biopsy
ג. red ragged fibers in muscle biopsy
ד. sialidase deficiency in cultured fibroblasts

A

המסיחים:
א. Juvenile Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (Batten Disease, CLN3 Mutation)
severe myoclonus, seizures, and visual loss. In the juvenile type, the first lesions are seen in the maculae; yellow-gray areas of degeneration

Stages: visual impairment, followed by generalized seizures and myoclonus, often with irritability, poor control of emotions, and stuttering, jerky speech at 2 years, then gradual intellectual deterioration to which were added cerebellar ataxia and intention tremor,
Finally, the patient lies curled up in bed, blind and speechless, with strong extensor plantar reflexes, occasionally adopting dystonic postures.
Batten disease is caused by CLN3, which codes battenin, a lysosomal transmembrane protein but its function is currently not known.
In the early stages, the EEG pattern of random, high-voltage, triphasic waves is diagnostic; later, as the seizures and myoclonic jerks become less frequent and finally cease, only delta waves remain.
“fingerprint” pattern in electron microscopic study of biopsy material, particularly of the eccrine sweat glands of the skin

ג. MERRF- myoclonic epilepsy/ataxia

ד. cherry red spot myoclonus syndrome/ type 1 sialidosis

מקרא לציורים:
* ירוק –כוראה
* צהוב –אטקסיה
* כחול :סימנים פירמידליים
* שוט – שמחזיקים-AD שנחבטים –AR
* משקפיים –עיוורון
* אוזניות-פגיעה בשמיעה
* גפיים בכתום-פולינירופתיה
* כובע-ורוד-שינוי התנהגות
* צירים –EPS
* ברקים כחולים –מיוקולוניות
* שן אחת –דמנציה
* שפם –גנטיקה XLINKED
* אדום –מיופתיה?

  • דגנר\קטיבי – כחול טאופאטיה ,צהוב סינקלופתיה
  • פסים ורודים –דרמטולוגיה
  • אדום ורוד -פוליניורופתיה
31
Q

מאפיינים כלליים של המחלות המטובליות המולדות

A
  • Adrenoleukodystrophy – VLCFA / ABCD1 X Linker Recessive
  • Metachormatic – Arylsulfatase
  • Krabbe – Galactocerbrosidase
  • Fabry- Alpha Galactosidase
  • Tay Sachs – GM2 Gangiloside, Hexosaminidase A
  • Sandhoff – Hexosaminidase A and B
  • Gaucher – Glucocerebrosidase
  • Lafora Body – has Polyglucosan inclusion
    bodies (different from adult polyglucosan disease)
32
Q

Figure 36-1.
Retinal cherry red
spot in a patient with Tay Sachs
disease. The whitish ring surrounds the dark macula. In this dark skinned
child, the macular spot is
dark rather than reddish. (Courtesy of Dr. Shirley Wray.)

A
33
Q

Figure 36-2.
Krabbe disease. Axial T2weighted
MRI of a 6month
old with difficulty feeding, irritability, upper extremity hypertonia and lower extremity hypotonia,
which began at 3 months. Laboratory testing confirmed low levels of leukocyte galactocerebrosidase activity. There is abnormal hyperintensity of the
cerebral peduncles (corticospinal tract atrophy) as well as enlargement of the prechiasmatic optic nerves. Thalamic hypointensity, not shown here, is a
common finding as well. (Image courtesy of Drs. Edward Yang and Sanjay Prabhu.)

A
34
Q

Figure 36-3.
Spongy degeneration of infancy (Canavanvan Bogaert Bertrand
disease). Axial T2weighted
MRI of a 5week
old with hypertonia, nystagmus, and
macrocephaly. There is abnormal hyperintensity in the globus pallidus, ventrolateral thalamus, and internal capsule. Abnormal white matter hyperintensity extends to the cortex without sparing of the arcuate fibers. MR spectroscopy (not shown) revealed a markedly elevated Nacetyl
aspartate peak. (Image courtesy of Drs. Edward Yang and Sanjay Prabhu.)

A

Figure 36-3.
Spongy degeneration of infancy (Canavanvan Bogaert Bertrand
disease). Axial T2weighted
MRI of a 5week
old with hypertonia, nystagmus, and
macrocephaly. There is abnormal hyperintensity in the globus pallidus, ventrolateral thalamus, and internal capsule. Abnormal white matter hyperintensity extends to the cortex without sparing of the arcuate fibers. MR spectroscopy (not shown) revealed a markedly elevated Nacetyl
aspartate peak. (Image courtesy of Drs. Edward Yang and Sanjay Prabhu.)

35
Q

Figure 36-4.
A schematic for diagnosis of the inherited metabolic diseases of infancy. (Courtesy of Dr. Edwin Kolodny.)

A
36
Q

Neurologic signs that are more or less specific for certain metabolic diseases:

  1. Acousticomotor obligatory startle:
  2. Abolished tendon reflexes with definite Babinski signs:
  3. Peculiar eye movements, pendular nystagmus, and head rolling:
  4. Marked rigidity, opisthotonos, and tonic spasms:
  5. Intractable seizures and generalized or multifocal myoclonus:
  6. Intermittent hyperventilation:
  7. Strabismus, hypotonia, seizures, lipodystrophy:
A

Neurologic signs that are more or less specific for certain metabolic diseases are as follows:
1. Acoustico-motor obligatory startle: Tay Sachs disease
2. Abolished tendon reflexes with definite Babinski signs: globoid cell (Krabbe) leukodystrophy, occasionally Leigh disease, and (beyond infancy)
metachromatic leukodystrophy
3. Peculiar eye movements, pendular nystagmus, and head rolling: Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, Leigh disease; later, hyperbilirubinemia and Lesch- Nyhan hyperuricemia
4. Marked rigidity, opisthotonos, and tonic spasms: Krabbe, Alpers disease, or infantile Gaucher disease (classic triad: trismus, strabismus, opisthotonos)
5. Intractable seizures and generalized or multifocal myoclonus: Alpers disease
6. Intermittent hyperventilation: Leigh disease and congenital lactic acidosis (also nonprogressive familial agenesis of vermis)
7. Strabismus, hypotonia, seizures, lipodystrophy: carbohydrate deficient
glycoprotein syndrome

37
Q

Ocular abnormalities of specific diagnostic value in this age group are as follows:
1. Rapid pendular nystagmus:
2. Macular cherry red spots:
3. Corneal opacification:
4. Cataracts:

A

Ocular abnormalities of specific diagnostic value in this age group are as follows:
1. Rapid pendular nystagmus: PelizaeusMerzbacher
disease, rarely Krabbe leukodystrophy, Cockayne syndrome (later age)
2. Macular cherry-red
spots: Tay Sachs
disease and Sandhoff variant, some cases of infantile Niemann Pick
disease, and rarely lipofuscinosis (see
Table 364)
3. Corneal opacification: Lowe disease, infantile GM1 gangliosides; later, the mucopolysaccharidoses
4. Cataracts: galactosemia, Lowe disease, Zellweger disease (also congenital rubella)

38
Q

Several other medical findings are of specific diagnostic value:
1. Dysmorphic facies:
2. Enlarged liver and spleen:
3. Enlarging head without hydrocephalus (macrocephaly):
4. Beaking of vertebral bodies in radiographs:
5. Multiple arthropathies and raucous dysphonia:
6. Storage granules and vacuolated lymphocytes:
7. Abnormal histiocytes in marrow smears:
8. Colorless, friable hair:

A

Several other medical findings are of specific diagnostic value:
1. Dysmorphic facies: generalized GM1 gangliosidosis, Lowe and Zellweger syndromes, and some early cases of mucopolysaccharidosis and
mucolipidosis
2. Enlarged liver and spleen: infantile Gaucher disease and Niemann Pick
disease; one type of hyperammonemia; Sandhoff disease; later, the mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses
3. Enlarging head without hydrocephalus (macrocephaly): Canavan spongy degeneration of infancy, some cases of Tay Sachs
disease, Alexander disease
4. Beaking of vertebral bodies in radiographs: GM1 gangliosidosis (and, at a more advanced age, the mucopolysaccharidoses, fucosidosis,
mannosidosis, and the mucolipidoses)
5. Multiple arthropathies and raucous dysphonia: Farber disease
6. Storage granules and vacuolated lymphocytes: Niemann Pick
disease, generalized GM1 gangliosidosis
7. Abnormal histiocytes in marrow smears: Gaucher cells, foamy histiocytes in Niemann Pick
disease, generalized GM1 gangliosidosis and closely
related diseases, Farber disease
8. Colorless, friable hair: Menkes disease

39
Q

The following are inherited metabolic diseases that become evident clinically in late infancy and early childhood:

A

The following are inherited metabolic diseases that become evident clinically in late infancy and early childhood:
1. Many of the milder disorders of amino acid metabolism
2. Metachromatic and other leukodystrophies
3. Late infantile GM1 gangliosidosis
4. Late infantile Gaucher disease and NiemannPick
disease
5. Neuroaxonal dystrophy
6. The mucopolysaccharidoses
7. The mucolipidoses
8. Fucosidosis
9. The mannosidoses
10. Aspartylglycosaminuria
11. Ceroid lipofuscinosis (JanskyBielschowsky
disease)
12. Cockayne syndrome

40
Q

The persistent cerebellar ataxias of childhood in which a metabolic fault or mutation has been demonstrated are as follows:

A
  1. Refsum disease
  2. Abetalipoproteinemia (BassenKornzweig
    syndrome)
  3. Ataxiatelangiectasia
    (see Chap. 37)
  4. Galactosemia
  5. Friedreich ataxia
41
Q

Figure 36-5.
Metachromatic leukodystrophy. Axial T2 weighted MRI of a 2 year old
girl with developmental regression and EMG evidence of diffuse motor and
sensory demyelination. There is abnormal symmetric central white matter hyperintensity with sparing of the subcortical arcuate fibers. (Image
courtesy of Drs. Edward Yang and Sanjay Prabhu.)

A
42
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express:
1. Evidence of involvement of peripheral nerves (weakness, hypotonia, areflexia, sensory loss, reduced conduction velocities) in conjunction with
lesions of the CNS:

A
  1. Evidence of involvement of peripheral nerves (weakness, hypotonia, areflexia, sensory loss, reduced conduction velocities) in conjunction with lesions of the CNS—metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe leukodystrophy, neuroaxonal dystrophy, and Leigh disease
43
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express the following ophthalmic signs:
a. Corneal clouding—

A

a. Corneal clouding—several of the mucopolysaccharidoses (Hurler, Scheie, Morquio, Maroteaux-Lamy),
mucolipidoses, tyrosinemia,
aspartylglycosaminuria (rare)

44
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express the following ophthalmic signs:
b. Cherry-red macular spot—

A

b. Cherry- red macular spot—GM2 gangliosidosis, GM1 gangliosidosis (half the cases), lipomucopolysaccharidosis, occasionally NiemannPick
disease

45
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express the following ophthalmic signs:
c. Retinal degeneration with pigmentary deposits—

A

c. Retinal degeneration with pigmentary deposits—Jansky Bielschowsky lipid storage disease, GM1 gangliosidosis, syndrome of sea-blue histiocytes

46
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express the following ophthalmic signs:
d. Optic atrophy and blindness—

A

d. Optic atrophy and blindness—metachromatic leukodystrophy, neuroaxonal dystrophy

47
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express the following ophthalmic signs:
e. Cataracts—

A

e. Cataracts—Marinesco-Sjögren
syndrome, Fabry disease, mannosidosis

48
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express the following ophthalmic signs:
f. Ocular apraxia—

A

f. Ocular apraxia—ataxia telangiectasia,
Niemann Pick
disease

49
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express the following ophthalmic signs:
g. Impairment of vertical eye movements—

A

g. Impairment of vertical eye movements—late infantile Niemann Pick disease, juvenile dystonic lipidosis, sea blue histiocyte syndrome, Wilson disease.

50
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express the following ophthalmic signs:
h. Jerky eye movements, limited abduction—

A

h. Jerky eye movements, limited abduction—late infantile Gaucher disease

51
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express Extrapyramidal signs—

A
  1. Extrapyramidal signs—late onset
    Niemann Pick disease (rigidity, abnormal postures), juvenile dystonic lipidosis (dystonia, choreoathetosis), Rett, ataxia telangiectasia (athetosis),
    Sanfilippo mucopolysaccharidosis, type I glutaric acidemia, Wilson disease, Segawa dopa responsive dystonia
52
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express
4. Facial dysmorphism—

A
  1. Facial dysmorphism—Hurler, Scheie, Morquio, and Maroteaux-Lamy
    forms of mucopolysaccharidosis, aspartylglycosaminuria, mucolipidoses, GM1 gangliosidosis, mannosidosis, fucosidosis (some cases), multisulfatase deficiencies (Austin), some mitochondrial disorders
53
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express
5. Dwarfism, spine deformities, arthropathies—

A
  1. Dwarfism, spine deformities, arthropathies—Hurler, Morquio, and other mucopolysaccharidoses, Cockayne syndrome
54
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express
6. Enlarged liver and spleen—

A
  1. Enlarged liver and spleen—NiemannPick
    disease, Gaucher disease, all mucopolysaccharidoses, fucosidosis, mucolipidoses, GM1 gangliosidosis
55
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express
7. Alterations of skin—

A
  1. Alterations of skin—photosensitivity (Cockayne syndrome and one form of porphyria); papular nevi and angiokeratoma (Fabry disease,
    fucosidosis); telangiectasia of ears, conjunctiva, chest (ataxiatelangiectasia);
    ichthyosis (Sjögren Larsen
    disease, caused by fatty alcohol
    dehydrogenase deficiency); plaquelike
    lesions in Hunter syndrome
56
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express
8. Beaked thoracolumbar vertebrae—

A
  1. Beaked thoracolumbar vertebrae—all mucopolysaccharidoses, mucolipidoses, mannosidosis, fucosidosis; aspartylglycosaminuria, multiple sulfatase deficiencies
57
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express
9. Deafness—

A
  1. Deafness—mucopolysaccharidoses, mannosidosis, Cockayne syndrome
58
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express
10. Hypertrophied gums—

A
  1. Hypertrophied gums—mucolipidoses, mannosidosis
59
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express
11. Vacuolated lymphocytes—

A
  1. Vacuolated lymphocytes—all mucopolysaccharidoses, mucolipidoses, mannosidosis, fucosidosis
60
Q

Which Metabolic Diseases of Late Infancy and Early Childhood express
12. Granules in neutrophils—

A
  1. Granules in neutrophils—all mucopolysaccharidoses, mucolipidoses, mannosidosis, fucosidosis, multiple sulfatase deficiencies
61
Q

Figure 36-6.
Differential diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses from oligosaccharidoses. (Courtesy of Dr. Ed Kolodny.)

A

Figure 36-6.
Differential diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses from oligosaccharidoses. (Courtesy of Dr. Ed Kolodny.)

62
Q

Figure 36-7.
Kayser- Fleischer corneal ring in Wilson disease. Brown coloration is seen near the limbus of the cornea and represents copper deposition in
Descemet’s membrane. (Reproduced from Mackay D, Miyawaki E: Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders. ACP Medicine, Online S12C17, Topic ID 1271. © Decker Intellectual Properties. Courtesy of Drs. Edison Miyawaki and Donald Bienfang.)

A
63
Q

Figure 36- 8.
Pantothenate kinase associated
neurodegeneration (Hallervorden- Spatz disease). T2- weighted
MRI showing areas of decreased signal intensity of the pallidum bilaterally (corresponding to iron deposition) and a central high signal area because of necrosis (“eye of the tiger” sign). (Reproduced with permission from Lyon et al. Courtesy of Dr. C. Gillain.)

A
64
Q

Figure 36-9.
Idiopathic basal ganglionic and cerebellar calcification discovered in a 54 year old woman with a slowly progressive rigid Parkinson syndrome.

A

Figure 36-9.
Idiopathic basal ganglionic and cerebellar calcification discovered in a 54 year old woman with a slowly progressive rigid Parkinson syndrome.

65
Q

clinical subtypes of ALD:

A
  1. A progressive degeneration of cerebral white matter in young males, often with cortical blindness—the classic type, accounting for half of all cases
  2. An intermediate form in juvenile or young adult males with cerebral and spinal involvement (5 percent of cases)
  3. A progressive spinal cord tract degeneration in adult males (25 percent of cases)
  4. A chronic mild, nonprogressive spastic paraparesis in heterozygous female carriers (10 percent of cases)
  5. Familial instances of Addison disease without neurologic involvement in males (10 percent of cases)
  6. Possibly, in male infants, a form originating at birth (e.g., Zellweger disease)
66
Q

Figure 36-10.
Adrenoleukodystrophy. Axial T2 weighted MRI of an 8 year old
boy with headache. There is abnormal posterior periventricular white matter
hyperintensity extending across the splenium of the corpus callosum. Laboratory testing confirmed adrenal insufficiency. (Image courtesy of Drs.
Edward Yang and Sanjay Prabhu.)

A
67
Q

metabolic disorders that may demonstrate regression of cognitive function in association with
personality change and alteration of behavior in an adult—

A
  1. Wilson disease
  2. Adrenoleukodystrophy
  3. Metachromatic leukodystrophy
  4. PKAN pigmentary degeneration
  5. Late onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Kufs form)
  6. Juvenile and adult Gaucher disease (type III)
  7. Some of the mucopolysaccharidoses
  8. Adult GM2 gangliosidosis
  9. Mucolipidosis I (type I sialidosis)
  10. Lafora body myoclonic epilepsy
  11. Non wilsonian copper disorder (hereditary ceruloplasmin deficiency)
68
Q

metabolic diseases, the onset of which was in adult life:

A
  1. Metachromatic leukoencephalopathy
  2. Adrenoleukodystrophy
  3. Globoid body leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease)
  4. Kufs form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
  5. GM2 gangliosidosis
  6. Wilson disease
  7. Gaucher disease
  8. Niemann Pick disease
  9. Carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency
  10. Mucopolysaccharide encephalopathy
  11. Mucolipidosis type I
  12. Polyneuropathies (Andrade disease, Fabry disease, porphyria, Refsum disease)
  13. Mitochondrial diseases, particularly progressive external ophthalmoplegia and Leigh disease