פרק 24 Chapter 24 The Limbic Lobes and the Neurology of Emotion

Question 1

מה לא יעשה אפקט פסאודוסולברי?
1. מחלת PSP
2. מחלת ALS
3. מחלת SCA
4. בינזוונגר

Answer 1

מחלת SCA
לא תעשה אפקט פסאודובולברי

Question 2

מה עלול לגרום לאפקט פסאודובולברי (pseudobulbar affect)
א. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ב. Normal pressure hydrocephalus
ג. Parkinson’s disease
ד. Syringobulbia

Answer 2

ALS may cause pseudobulbar affect

Question 3

Table 24-1NEUROLOGY OF EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES (6)

Answer 3

Question 4

Table 24-2
CAUSES OF PSEUDOBULBAR AFFECTIVE DISPLAY

Answer 4

Question 5

איזו תגובה אופיינית אפשר להפיק בחולה עם שיתוק מוטורי פסאודו-בולברי?
א. Glabella
ב. Jaw jerk
ג. Palmo-mental
ד. Startle

Answer 5

JAW JERK

Usually the motor and reflex changes of spastic bulbar (pseudobulbar) palsy (described in the discussion of “Spastic [Pseudobulbar] Dysarthria” in Chap. 22) are associated **usually, but not always, with heightened facial and mandibular reflexes (“jaw jerk”), and often corticospinal tract signs in the limbs as well. **

Startle:
Tay sachs
Sspe
Stiff person
Glycogan storage disease
cjd

Question 6

Answer 6

גירוי של האמיגדלה בגרעין המדיאלי יגרום לכעס

All the human and animal data point to an origin of aggressiveness, anger, and rage in the temporal lobes and particularly in the amygdala. In humans, stimulation of the medial amygdaloid nuclei, through depth electrodes, evokes a display of anger, whereas stimulation of the lateral nuclei does not; destruction of the amygdaloid complex bilaterally reportedly reduces aggressiveness.
Lesions in the mediodorsal thalamic nuclei, which receive projections from the amygdaloid nuclei, render humans more placid and docile.
In an unintended experiment in a patient with Parkinson disease, Bejjani and colleagues found that aggressive behavior could be induced by stimulation of the posteromedial hypothalamus.

Question 7

Answer 7

פגיעה במסילה המטורית היורדת קדמית לברך של קפסולה אינטרנה מימין

Two major supranuclear pathways control the pontomedullary mechanisms of facial and other movements required in laughing and crying.
* One is the familiar corticobulbar pathway that runs from the motor cortex through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and controls volitional movements;
* the other is a more anterior pathway that descends just rostral to the genu of the internal capsule, and contains facilitatory and inhibitory fibers.
Unilateral involvement of the anterior pathway leaves the opposite side of the face under volitional control but paretic during laughing, smiling, and crying (emotional facial paralysis); the opposite is observed with a unilateral lesion of the posterior pathway.

Question 8

Answer 8

טמפורלית דו”צ- תסמונת קלובר בוקי

Question 9

תיאור של מטופל עם
limbic encephalitis.
אילו מהאזורים הבאים אינו חלק מהמערכת הפגועה?
1. גרעין מיינרט
2. ממילרי בודי
3. היפוקמפוס
4. סינגולייט ג׳ירוס

Answer 9

גרעין מיינרט אינו חלק מהמערכת הלימבית

Question 10

מה אינו חלק ממעגל פאפז?
1. צינגולייט
2. פורניקס
3. מאמילרי בודי
4. היפותלמוס
5. צנטרומדיאל נוקלאוס

Answer 10

צנטרומדיאל נוקלאוס אינו חלק ממעגל פאפז

Question 11

מערכת לימבית ומעגל פאפז

Answer 11

Question 12

Figure 24-1. Sagittal diagram of the limbic system.
A. Surface topography of the limbic system and associated prefrontal cortex.
B. Connections of the limbic structures and their relation to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain tegmentum. The cortical parts of the limbic system, or limbic lobe, are interconnected by a septohypothalamic–mesencephalic bundle ending in the hippocampus, and the fornix, which runs from the hippocampus back to the mammillary bodies, and by tracts from the mammillary bodies to the thalamus and from the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus. The Papez circuit is the internal component of this system. See also Fig. 24-2 and the text. (Reproduced with permission from Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill,

Answer 12

Question 13

Figure 24-2. Schematic block diagram of the limbic connections.
The internal connections (bold lines) represent the circuit described by Papez. The external connections (thin lines) are more recently described pathways. This figure also shows the connections to the amygdala and prefrontal and association cortices. (Reproduced with permission from Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000.)

Answer 13

Question 14

Figure 24-3.
A. Localization of lesions that, in humans, can lead to aggressive behavior and placidity.
B. Localization of lesions that, in humans, can lead to placidity, release of oral behavior, and hypersexuality.
(From Poeck [1969].)

Answer 14