3.6

Question 1

Specific defences explain

Answer 1

If a pathogen manages to breach non specific defences and enter blood, specific defences are launched that target that pathogen.

Question 2

What do lymphocytes do as defence

Answer 2

White blood cells involved in the immune response. Respond to specific antigens on invading pathogens. 2 types, T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte

Question 3

What are antigens

Answer 3

Antigens are protein molecules found on membranes of pathogens. Specific shape for specific pathogen.

Question 4

Explain b lymphocytes

Answer 4

If an antigen binds to a B Lymphocyte, it activates it and causes that lymphocyte to replicate multiple times. After replication the B Lymphacyte produces antibodies. The antibodies bind to the antigens disabling the pathogen.

Question 5

Antibodies

Answer 5

Antibodies are y shaped molecules that are produced by B lymphocytes. Fit the specific antigen made by pathogen. When they bind to antigens, they disabled and inactivate the pathogen.

Question 6

How does allergy work

Answer 6

Sometimes B Lymphocytes can become sensitive to antigens on harmless substances, this can cause stimulation of inflammation response

Question 7

When a cell is infected by pathogen..

Answer 7

Displays antigens of infection on its own membrane.

Question 8

How do T Lymphocytes work

Answer 8

T lymphocytes spit antigens on infected cells and attach to the outside of them and release proteins that cause the cell to self destruct. This is apoptosis.

Question 9

What is apoptosis

Answer 9

Programmed cell death. When proteins of the T Lymphocytes diffuse into the cells, they activate self destruct enzymes

Question 10

Autoimmune disease how does it work in terms of T lymphocytes

Answer 10

In cases of autoimmune diseases, t lymphocytes get activated by normal cells, causing immune system to attack the body’s own cells.

Question 11

Autoimmune disease example

Answer 11

Type 1 diabetes, t lymphocytes attack and destroy cells that produce insulin in pancreas

Question 12

How to train immune system

Answer 12

After original infection, some B and T lymphocytes become memory cells. These memory cells allow for a much faster response if same infection returns. This means pathogen destroyed before symptoms appear

Question 13

HIV

Answer 13

Hiv Attacks and destroys T Lymphocytes.
Without T lymphocytes the body struggles to destroy infected cells meaning infections take longer and longer to heal. HIV can lead to AIDs