1.7 Flashcards
Where does the citric acid cycle occur
Matrix of Mitochondria
The citric acid only occurs if supply of
Oxygen
ATP Phosphorylation
The addition of phosphate to a molecule. When ADP is phosphorylated, ATP is formed (ADP + Pi)
ATP Dephosphorylation
Removal of a phosphate group from a molecule. ATP can undergo to provide energy and phosphate to other molecules
Stages of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cucle
Electron Transport Chain
What is glycolysis
Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to 2pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2ATP. This occurs through enzyme controlled reactions. It occurs in cytoplasm.
Stages of glycolysis
Energy investment stage
Energy payoff stage
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytoplasm
Explain energy investment phase glycolysis
Involves investment of 2ATP. The job of these ATP is to provide phosphate for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates.
Explain energy payoff phase glycolysis
Energy payoff phase gives a yield of 4ATP. Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to NAD for carrying to a later stage.
What do dehydrogenase enzymes do
Remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to NAD
Explain citric acid cycle process
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl and carried by coenzyme A to the citric acid cycle.
Acetyl combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
A series of enzyme controlled reactions break down citrate, releasing carbon dioxide.
Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen during the cycle and pass hydrogen ions and electrons to NAD
Small amount of ATP created
What does pyruvate do in citric acid cycle
Loses 1 CO2 to become acetyl group
What does oxalocetate do in citric acid cycle
Combines with acetyl to form citrate
What does citrate do in citric acid cycle
Is broken down in citric acid cycle to oxaloacetate. CO2 released and ATP made
What does NAD do in citric acid cycle
Collects hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH
Where does electron transport chain take place
Inner membrane Mitochondria
Describe electron transport chain
NADH arrives at the membrane and releases the hydrogen ions and electrons
Energy from the electrons is used to force hydrogen ions across the membrane via the protein chain
Hydrogen ions flow back through a different protein called ATP synthase. As they flow back through the protein the enzyme rotates. This produces a lot of ATP
The hydrogen ions and electrons join together to form water.(final product)
ATP made in glycolysis
2
ATP made in Citric acid cycle
small amount
ATP made in electric transport chain
large amount
Raw materials of glycolysis
Glucose
Raw materials of citric acid cycle
Pyruvate / Acetyl
Raw materials of electric transport chain
Hydrogen ions / Electrons / Oxygen
Products glycolysis
Pyruvate
Products citric acid cycle
Carbon Dioxide
Products electric transport chain
Water
