1.4 Flashcards
Mutation
A random change in DNA that can cause a wrong protein to be produced or possibly no protein at all
Single gene mutations
Affects one gene -
Insertion
Deletion
Substitution
Insertion mutation
Insertion mutation causes an extra nucleotide to be inserted in a DNA strand
Deletion mutation
Deletion mutation causes one or more nucleotides to be deleted
Frameshift effect
Both insertion and deletion mutations can cause severe changes as they both change the reading “frame” for codons in mRNA, this means every amino acid after the mutation can be different (diff protein produced)
Substitution mutation
A substitution mutation causes one nucleotide to be swapped with a different one
Chromosome mutations
Affect the structure of a chromsome
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Deletion chromosome mutation
A chromosome deletion mutation causes a whole section of a chromosome to be removed
Duplication chromosome mutation
A duplication mutation causes a section of a chromosome to be added from its homologous partner
Inversion chromosome mutation
An inversion mutation is caused by a section of a chromosome being reversed, resulting in genes in the wrong location
Translocation chromosome mutation
Translocation is when a section of one chromosome is added or swapped with another
Protein mutations
Splice Site
Missense
Nonsense
Missense mutation
Substitution of the _ for _ nucleotide causes the amino acid to change. This results in different shape of protein
Nonsense mutation
A nonsense mutation results in an early stop codon in the mRNA. This results in a non functional protein as it is much shorter than supposed to be.
