2.3 Flashcards
What is contraception
Contraception is designed to prevent or reduce the chances of a successful pregnancy.
Physical methods of contraception meaning and examples
Physical methods of contraception involve physically preventing sperm and egg from meeting.
Barriers
Sterilisation
Sometimes IUDS
What are barriers contraception
Condoms (prevents sperm entering vagina)
Diaphragm (blocks access for sperm to the cervix
Cervical cap (blocks access for sperm to the cervix)
What is sterilisation contraception
A permanent surgery to prevent sperm from coming into contact with eggs
What are chemical methods of contraception and examples
Chemical methods of contraception work to prevent sperm/egg production, fertilisation or implantation
Hormones
Spermicide
IUDs
What are hormones contraceptives
Tend to be synthetic hormones that mimic sex hormones
Examples of hormone contraceptives
Contraceptive pill - oestrogen and progesterone that prevent production of FSH
Mini-pill - progesterone only pill that thickens cervical mucus and stops sperm from entering uterus
Morning after pull - prevents implantation of a zygote into endometrium
What is spermicide
A chemical that kills sperm, most barrier methods of contraception include use of a spermicide e.g. condoms or diaphragms
what are IUDs
Last between 5-10 years and release copper which prevents implantation and thicken cervical mucus in the uterus.
Fertility
Ability to sexually reproduce
Fertile period
Time when female is able to become pregnant. Marked by temperature and mucus changes
Continuous fertility
Applies to males. Fertile always
Cyclical fertility
Applies to females. Only fertile a few days each cycle
Hormonal treatment explain
These drugs mimic FSH or LH or prevent negative feedback of oestrogen.
The action they cause is super ovulation (more changes for sperm to fertilise an ova)
Risk of hormonal treatment
Multiple births and increased risk of complications
Artificial insemination explain
If male doesn’t produce enough sperm artificial insemination will be considered.
Sperm samples collected over a period of time. Sperm “washed” to select perfect ones. Using a fine catheter, sperm inserted directly into uterus.
IVF explain
This means fertilisation happens outside of body.
Female given fertility drugs to stimulate super ovulation, scanned using ultrasound to check if they are mature, ova removed using needle, male gives several samples of sperm and best selected, sperm and eggs are mixed together in a Petri dish to achieve fertilisation, best two or three are selected and implanted into uterus.
ICSI explain
During ICSI one sperm is selected and it’s nucleus is injected directly into the egg during IVF.
What is PGS
Pre implantation genetic screening. Checks for genetic mutations. Cell withdrawn from embryo, dna undergoes PCR and is checked for general conditions
What is PGD
Pre implantation genetic diagnosis. Checks for specific mutation. Single cell extracted from embryo, dna copied using PCR is tested for that condition.
