2.3

Question 1

What is contraception

Answer 1

Contraception is designed to prevent or reduce the chances of a successful pregnancy.

Question 2

Physical methods of contraception meaning and examples

Answer 2

Physical methods of contraception involve physically preventing sperm and egg from meeting.

Barriers
Sterilisation
Sometimes IUDS

Question 3

What are barriers contraception

Answer 3

Condoms (prevents sperm entering vagina)

Diaphragm (blocks access for sperm to the cervix

Cervical cap (blocks access for sperm to the cervix)

Question 4

What is sterilisation contraception

Answer 4

A permanent surgery to prevent sperm from coming into contact with eggs

Question 5

What are chemical methods of contraception and examples

Answer 5

Chemical methods of contraception work to prevent sperm/egg production, fertilisation or implantation

Hormones
Spermicide
IUDs

Question 6

What are hormones contraceptives

Answer 6

Tend to be synthetic hormones that mimic sex hormones

Question 7

Examples of hormone contraceptives

Answer 7

Contraceptive pill - oestrogen and progesterone that prevent production of FSH

Mini-pill - progesterone only pill that thickens cervical mucus and stops sperm from entering uterus

Morning after pull - prevents implantation of a zygote into endometrium

Question 8

What is spermicide

Answer 8

A chemical that kills sperm, most barrier methods of contraception include use of a spermicide e.g. condoms or diaphragms

Question 9

what are IUDs

Answer 9

Last between 5-10 years and release copper which prevents implantation and thicken cervical mucus in the uterus.

Question 10

Fertility

Answer 10

Ability to sexually reproduce

Question 11

Fertile period

Answer 11

Time when female is able to become pregnant. Marked by temperature and mucus changes

Question 12

Continuous fertility

Answer 12

Applies to males. Fertile always

Question 13

Cyclical fertility

Answer 13

Applies to females. Only fertile a few days each cycle

Question 14

Hormonal treatment explain

Answer 14

These drugs mimic FSH or LH or prevent negative feedback of oestrogen.

The action they cause is super ovulation (more changes for sperm to fertilise an ova)

Question 15

Risk of hormonal treatment

Answer 15

Multiple births and increased risk of complications

Question 16

Artificial insemination explain

Answer 16

If male doesn’t produce enough sperm artificial insemination will be considered.

Sperm samples collected over a period of time. Sperm “washed” to select perfect ones. Using a fine catheter, sperm inserted directly into uterus.

Question 17

IVF explain

Answer 17

This means fertilisation happens outside of body.

Female given fertility drugs to stimulate super ovulation, scanned using ultrasound to check if they are mature, ova removed using needle, male gives several samples of sperm and best selected, sperm and eggs are mixed together in a Petri dish to achieve fertilisation, best two or three are selected and implanted into uterus.

Question 18

ICSI explain

Answer 18

During ICSI one sperm is selected and it’s nucleus is injected directly into the egg during IVF.

Question 19

What is PGS

Answer 19

Pre implantation genetic screening. Checks for genetic mutations. Cell withdrawn from embryo, dna undergoes PCR and is checked for general conditions

Question 20

What is PGD

Answer 20

Pre implantation genetic diagnosis. Checks for specific mutation. Single cell extracted from embryo, dna copied using PCR is tested for that condition.