3.6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

wbc involved in the specific immune response

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2
Q

how do lymphocytes work

A

they respond to specific antigens on invading pathogens

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3
Q

what are antigens

A

molecules, often proteins, located on the surface of cells they trigger a specific immune response

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4
Q

what receptors do lymphocytes have

A

a single type of membrane receptor which is specific for one antigen

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5
Q

what does antigen binding lead to

A

repeated lymphocyte division resulting in the formation of a clonal population of identical lymphocytes

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6
Q

what do b lymphocytes do

A

produce antibodies against antigens

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7
Q

what do b lymphocytes cause

A

the destruction of the pathogen

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8
Q

what are antibodies

A

y shaped proteins that have receptor binding sites specific to a particular antigen on a pathogen

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9
Q

how do antibodies work

A

they bind to antigens inactivating the pathogen

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10
Q

how is the antigen-antibody complex destroyed

A

phagocytosis

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11
Q

what causes an allergic reaction

A

when b-lymphocytes response to antigens on substances that are harmless to the body (eg pollen)

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12
Q

what do t lymphocytes do

A

they destroy infected body cells by recognising antigens of the pathogen on the cell membrane and induce apoptosis

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13
Q

how do t lymphocytes work

A

they attach into infected b-cells and release proteins that diffuse into the infected cells and cause the production of self destructive enzymes which cause cell death

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14
Q

how are the remains of the cells destroyed by t lymphocytes removed

A

by phagocytosis

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15
Q

what does failure of the regulation of the immune system lead to

A

t lymphocytes responding to self antigens and causing autoimmune disease

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16
Q

what happens in autoimmunity

A

the t lymphocytes attack the body’s own cells

17
Q

what are examples of autoimmune diseases

A
  • type 1 diabetes
  • rheumatoid arthritis
18
Q

how are memory cells created

A

when some t&b lymphocytes produced in response to antigens by clonal selection theory survive long-term

19
Q

what does a secondary exposure to the same antigen do

A

it rapidly gives rise to new clones of specific lymphocytes

20
Q

what happens to antibody production during the secondary response

A

it’s greater and more rapid than the primary response

21
Q

what does HIV do

A

it infects and kills t lymphocytes

22
Q

what does HIV cause

A

depletion of t lymphocytes which leads to the development of AIDS

23
Q

what do individuals with aids have

A

a weakened immune system and so are more vulnerable to opportunistic infections